The Tea Road crossed the river and came into Urga from the left of this photograph.The monastery complex called Gandan Hiidineludes the tall building to the left; the mountains of Bogd Khan Uul are in the distance with the Tuul River flowing unseen in this photograph at their base.

Front jacket cover: Walls of old Peking.Credit: Hatvani Imre, 1915, from Museum of Ethnography, Budapest.

Back jacket cover: Urga in the early 1900s,when it was still a settlement of felt gers.Credit: Ulaanbaatar State Archives.The monastery complex called Gandan Hiidineludes the tall building to the left; the mountains of Bogd Khan Uul are in the distance with the Tuul River flowing unseen in this photograph at their base. The Tea Road crossed the river and came into Urga from the left of this photograph.

Foreword

Tea Road Chronology

Introduction:The Tea Road from Three Perspectives,China,Russia,the Steppe

1.The Tea Road,Start to Finish

2.“Plucking the Hills and Boiling the Oceans”:Start to the Tea Trade in China

3.Transcontinental Tools of Trade

4.Ming Horse Markets along the Great Wall:Kalgan

5.Redlar Wang and a Tea-trading Conglomerate on the Steppe

6.Camel Caravans to Urga:Lamas and Lamaseries in the Gobi

7.Crossing the Tuul River at Urga

8.The Manchus Take Mongolia

9.Carving away the Lefthand Khanate from Both Ends

10.Count Sava and the Founding of Kiakhta

11.Spy Posts at the Russian Yards in Beijing

Footnotes

Glossary

Index