城市有限系统作为远离平衡态的耗散体系，需要不断从外界环境中输入负熵流，同时排出废弃物。在维持城市有限系统的健康及可持续的运行中，支撑城市的资源与能量流呈现一定的规律和共性。Kampeng Lei、Shaoqi Zhou、Zhishi Wang所著的《有限系统的生态能量核算--基本原理和案例研究(英文版)》对H.T.Odum建基于系统生态学而创立的能值核算(Emergy Accounting)理论和方法，从城市生态系统的理论出发，将其应用到有限系统，中国澳门特别行政区，通过澳门与外界系统、澳门旅游业、澳门与中国大陆、澳门的固体废物处理、澳门周期性填海、澳门赌场之太阳能值流动，及交换过程来评估澳门的可持续状态发展状态，同时提供建议供政策制定者参考。

1 Emergy Synthesis and Ecological Energy Accounting

 1.1 The Evolution from Systems Theory to Emergy

 1.2 Energy System Diagrams

 1.3 Emergy Values and Their Transformation

 1.4 The Ecological Energy Calculation Method

1.4.1 Definitions of Exergy, Emerge, and Transformity

1.4.2 General Emergy Calculation Method

 1.5 Indices Used in Emergy Synthesis

 1.6 Emergy Balance and Storage

 1.7 Ecological Energy Accounting for Tourism

 1.8 Conclusions

 References

2 Ecological Energy Accounting for Macao's Socioeconomic and Ecological Systems

 2.1 Social and Economic Characteristics of Macao

 2.2 Emergy Synthesis for Macao's Eco-economic System in 2004

 2.3 Comparison of the Emergy-Based Indices of Five Cities

2.3.1 Comparison of the Emergy Components

2.3.2 Emergy Density, Emergy Use, and Fuel Use per Person

2.3.3 Em/$ Ratio and Emergy Investment Rate (EIR)

2.3.4 Emergy Exchange Ratio (EER)

2.3.5 Renewable Resources Proportion (%Ren), Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI), and Net Emergy Ratio (NER)

 2.4 Time Series for Macao's Emergy and Emergy-Based Indices

2.4.1 The Components of Emergy Use

2.4.2 Per Capita Electricity Emergy, Fuel Emergy, and Emergy Density (U/area)

2.4.3 %Ren and Emergy Self-sufficiency Ratio (ESR)

2.4.4 Emergy Exchange Ratio (EER) and Emergy Yield Ratio

(EYR)

2.4.5 Total Emergy Used (U), Emergy Money Ratio (Em/$),

Proportion of Waste Emergy (W), and Per Capita Emergy

Use

2.4.6 Emergy Investment Ratio (EIR), Environmental Loading

Ratio (ELR), and Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI)

2.4.7 Net Emergy (NE) and the Net Emergy Ratio (NER)

 2.5 Time Series for Emergy Flows of Italy, Sweden, and Macao of China

2.5.1 %Ren

2.5.2 Emergy Use Per Capita

2.5.3 Emergy Money Ratio (Em/$)

2.5.4 Integrated Emergy Index: The Environmental

Sustainability Index (ESI)

2.5.5 Storage Indices: NE and NER

 2.6 Statistical Analyses of Emergy-Based Indicators of Macao

 2.7 Conclusions

 References

3 Emergy Synthesis and Simulation for Macao

 3.1 Introduction to Ecological Emergy Accounting in a System Dynamics Context

 3.2 Simulation Methodology Using the STELLA Modeling Software

 3.3 Land Use and Reclamation in Macao

 3.4 Simulation Results and Analyses

 3.5 Conclusions

 References

4 Emergy Analysis for Tourism Systems: Principles and a Case

 Study for Macao

 4.1 Introduction to Ecological Emergy Accounting for Tourism

 4.2 Methodology

4.2.1 Approaches Used in Tourism Emergy Accounting

4.2.2 Two Emergy Flows for Tourism: What You Paid for and What You Got

 4.3 Emergy Analysis and Discussion: A Case Study of Tourism in Macao

4.3.1 Introduction to Tourism in Macao

4.3.2 Emergy Accounting for Macao's Tourism Sector

 4.4 Conclusions

 References

5 Ecological Energy Accounting for the Gambling Sector: A Case Study in Macao

 5.1 Introduction to Macao's Gambling Sector

 5.2 An Overview of Macao and Its Gambling Sector

 5.3 Study Methodology

 5.4 Results and Discussion

5.4.1 Water Emergy

5.4.2 Electricity Emergy

5.4.3 Food and Beverage Emergy

5.4.4 Labor Emergy

5.4.5 Em/$ Ratio

5.4.6 Emergy Yield Ratio

5.4.7 Emergy Used per Gambler

5.4.8 The Per Capita Electricity Emergy

5.4.9 The Ratio of Imported Services to Emergy Used

5.4.10 Net Emergy and Net Emergy Ratio

5.4.11 Emergy Exchange Ratio

 5.5 Conclusions

 References

6 Emergy Synthesis for Waste Treatment in Macao

 6.1 Introduction to Waste Treatment in Macao

 6.2 Emergy Accounting for Macao's Wastes

 6.3 Waste Emergy and Transformity in Macao

6.3.1 Waste Emergy Synthesis for Macao

6.3.2 Transformities of Wastes in Macao

 6.4 Conclusions

 References

7 Per Capita Resource Consumption and Resource Carrying

 Capacity: A Comparison of the Sustainability of Macao and 17 Countries

 7.1 Introduction

 7.2 Methods

7.2.1 The Principle of Environmental Sustainability

7.2.2 Resource Consumption and Carrying Capacity

 7.3 Results and Discussion

7.3.1 Emergy Consumption by the 17 Nations

7.3.2 Per Capita Emergy Consumption for the 17 Nations .

7.3.3 National Emergy Consumption and Sustainability Conditions

 7.4 Comparison of the Per Capita Emergy Between 2000 and 2008

 7.5 Summary of the Per Capita Emergy Analysis for Macao . . .

 7.6 Conclusions

 References

8 Conclusions and Outlook

 8.1 Conclusions

8.1.1 Emergy Synthesis and Ecological Energy Accounting

8.1.2 Ecological Energy Accounting for Macao's

Socioeconomic and Ecological Systems

8.1.3 Emergy Synthesis and Simulation for Macao

8.1.4 Emergy Analysis for Tourism Systems: Principles and

a Case Study for Macao

8.1.5 Ecological Energy Accounting for the Gambling Sector:

A Case Study in Macao

8.1.6 Emergy Synthesis for Waste Treatment in Macao

8.1.7 Per Capita Resource Consumption and Resource

Carrying Capacity: A Comparison of the Sustainability

of Macao and 17 Countries

 8.2 Outlook

8.2.1 Better Statistics and More Exact Transformity Values

8.2.2 The Importance of Wastes and Their Treatment

8.2.3 Integrating Catabolic Processes with Emergy Accounting

Appendix A Supplementary Tables That Summarize the Inflow and

 Outflow Emergy Values for Macao in 2004

Appendix B Supplementary Tables That Summarize the Inflows and

 the Outflows of Emergy for Macao in 2007

Appendix C Definitions of the Parameters Used in This Book