《TCP\\IP协议族(第4版影印版)》是介绍TCP/IP协议族的经典图书的最新版本。全书含有7大部分共30章和7个附录：第1部分介绍一些基本概念和基础底层技术；第2部分介绍网络层协议；第3部分介绍传输层协议；第4部分介绍应用层协议；第5部分介绍下一代协议，即IPv6协议；第6部分介绍网络安全问题；第７部分给出了7个附录。本书由福罗赞著。

TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol，传输控制协议/网际协议)是用于计算机通信的一个协议族,几乎所有的网络操作系统都提供对TCP/IP的支持，TCP/IP已经是Internet的标准协议。

《TCP\\IP协议族(第4版影印版)》是介绍TCP/IP协议族的经典图书的最新版本。全书含有7大部分共30章和7个附录：第1部分介绍一些基本概念和基础底层技术；第2部分介绍网络层协议；第3部分介绍传输层协议；第4部分介绍应用层协议；第5部分介绍下一代协议，即IPv6协议；第6部分介绍网络安全问题；第７部分给出了7个附录。每章的最后都有实践安排，其中的第1部分是习题，第2部分是研究活动，要求学生或读者查找课外的阅读资料。

《TCP\\IP协议族(第4版影印版)》可作为大学生和研究生的教材，对从事计算机网络教学的老师和科研人员以及工程技术人员也有很好的参考价值。本书由福罗赞著。

Brief Contents

Preface xxxi

Trademarks xxxv

Part 1

Introduction and Underlying Technologies 1

Chapter 1

Introduction 2

Chapter 2

The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18

Chapter 3

Underlying Technologies 46

Part 2

Network Layer 93

Chapter 4

Introduction to Network Layer 94

Chapter 5

IPv4 Addresses 114

Chapter 6

Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets 160

Chapter 7

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) 186

Chapter 8

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 220

Chapter 9

Internet Control Message Protocol Version 4 (ICMPv4) 244

Chapter 10

Mobile IP 268

Chapter 11

Unicast Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF, and BGP) 282

Chapter 12

Multicasting and Multicast Routing Protocols 334

Part 3

Transport Layer 373

Chapter 13

Introduction to the Transport Layer 374

Chapter 14

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 414

Chapter 15

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 432

Chapter 16

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 502

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BRIEF CONTENTS

Part 4

Application Layer 541

Chapter 17

Introduction to the Application Layer 542

Chapter 18

Host Configuration: DHCP 568

Chapter 19

Domain Name System (DNS) 582

Chapter 20

Remote Login: TELNET and SSH 610

Chapter 21

File Transfer: FTP and TFTP 630

Chapter 22

World Wide Web and HTTP 656

Chapter 23

Electronic Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and MIME 680

Chapter 24

Network Management: SNMP 706

Chapter 25

Multimedia 728

Part 5

Next Generation 767

Chapter 26

IPv6 Addressing 768

Chapter 27

IPv6 Protocol 786

Chapter 28

ICMPv6 800

Part 6

Security 815

Chapter 29

Cryptography and Network Security 816

Chapter 30

Internet Security 858

Part 7

Appendices 891

Appendix A

Unicode 892

Appendix B

Positional Numbering Systems 896

Appendix C

Error Detection Codes 904

Appendix D

Checksum 914

Appendix E

HTML, XHTML, XML, and XSL 920

Appendix F

Client-Server Programming in Java 926

Appendix G

Miscellaneous Information 932

Glossary 935

References 955

Index 957

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Contents

Preface xxxi

Trademarks xxxv

Part 1

Introduction and Underlying Technologies 1

Chapter 1

Introduction 2

1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY 3

ARPANET 3

Birth of the Internet 3

Transmission Control Protocol/Internetworking Protocol (TCP/IP) 4

MILNET 4

CSNET 4

NSFNET 4

ANSNET 5

The Internet Today 5

World Wide Web 6

Time Line 6

Growth of the Internet 7

1.2 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 7

Protocols 7

Standards 8

1.3 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 8

Standards Creation Committees 8

Forums 10

Regulatory Agencies 10

1.4 INTERNET STANDARDS 10

Maturity Levels 11

Requirement Levels 12

1.5 INTERNET ADMINISTRATION 13

Internet Society (ISOC) 13

Internet Architecture Board (IAB) 13

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 13

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) 14

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation

for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 14

Network Information Center (NIC) 14

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CONTENTS

1.6 FURTHER READING 14

Books and Papers 15

Websites 15

1.7 KEY TERMS 15

1.8 SUMMARY 15

1.9 PRACTICE SET 16

Exercises 16

Research Activities 17

Chapter 2

The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18

2.1 PROTOCOL LAYERS 19

Hierarchy 20

Services 20

2.2 THE OSI MODEL 20

Layered Architecture 21

Layer-to-Layer Communication 22

Encapsulation 23

Layers in the OSI Model 24

Summary of OSI Layers 28

2.3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 28

Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28

Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30

2.4 ADDRESSING 35

Physical Addresses 35

Logical Addresses 37

Port Addresses 39

Application-Specific Addresses 40

2.5 FURTHER READING 40

Books 40

RFCs 40

2.6 KEY TERMS 41

2.7 SUMMARY 41

2.8 PRACTICE SET 42

Exercises 42

Research Activities 44

Chapter 3

Underlying Technologies 46

3.1 WIRED LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 47

IEEE Standards 47

Frame Format 48

Addressing 49

Ethernet Evolution 51

Standard Ethernet 51

Fast Ethernet 55

Gigabit Ethernet 56

Ten-Gigabit Ethernet 59

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3.2 WIRELESS LANS 59

IEEE 802.11 59

MAC Sublayer 61

Addressing Mechanism 64

Bluetooth 67

3.3 POINT-TO-POINT WANS 70

56K Modems 70

DSL Technology 71

Cable Modem 72

T Lines 75

SONET 75

PPP 76

3.4 SWITCHED WANS 77

X.25 77

Frame Relay 78

ATM 78

3.5 CONNECTING DEVICES 83

Repeaters 83

Bridges 84

Routers 86

3.6 FURTHER READING 88

3.7 KEY TERMS 88

3.8 SUMMARY 89

3.9 PRACTICE SET 89

Exercises 89

Research Activities 90

Part 2

Network Layer 93

Chapter 4

Introduction to Network Layer 94

4.1 INTRODUCTION 95

4.2 SWITCHING 96

Circuit Switching 96

Packet Switching 96

4.3 PACKET SWITCHING AT NETWORK LAYER 97

Connectionless Service 97

Connection-Oriented Service 99

4.4 NETWORK LAYER SERVICES 103

An Example 103

Logical Addressing 104

Services Provided at the Source Computer 105

Services Provided at Each Router 106

Services Provided at the Destination Computer 107

4.5 OTHER NETWORK LAYER ISSUES 108

Error Control 108

Flow Control 109

Congestion Control 110

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CONTENTS

Quality of Service 111

Routing 111

Security 111

4.6 FURTHER READING 111

4.7 KEY TERMS 112

4.8 SUMMARY 112

4.9 PRACTICE SET 112

Exercises 112

Chapter 5 IPv4 Addresses 114

5.1 INTRODUCTION 115

Address Space 115

Notation 115

Range of Addresses 117

Operations 118

5.2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING 121

Classes 121

Classes and Blocks 123

Two-Level Addressing 126

An Example 129

Three-Level Addressing: Subnetting 131

Supernetting 134

5.3 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING 135

Variable-Length Blocks 136

Two-Level Addressing 136

Block Allocation 141

Subnetting 142

5.4 SPECIAL ADDRESSES 147

Special Blocks 147

Special Addresses in Each block 148

5.5 NAT 149

Address Translation 150

Translation Table 150

5.6 FURTHER READING 152

Books 152

RFCs 152

5.7 KEY TERMS 153

5.8 SUMMARY 153

5.9 PRACTICE SET 154

Exercises 154

Chapter 6 Delivery and Forwarding of IP Packets 160

6.1 DELIVERY 161

Direct Delivery 161

Indirect Delivery 161

6.2 FORWARDING 162

Forwarding Based on Destination Address 162

Forwarding Based on Label 176

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6.3 STRUCTURE OF A ROUTER 178

Components 178

6.4 FURTHER READING 181

Books 182

RFCs 182

6.5 KEY TERMS 182

6.6 SUMMARY 182

6.7 PRACTICE SET 183

Exercises 183

Research Activities 184

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) 186

7.1 INTRODUCTION 187

7.2 DATAGRAMS 187

7.3 FRAGMENTATION 192

Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) 192

Fields Related to Fragmentation 193

7.4 OPTIONS 197

Format 197

Option Types 198

7.5 CHECKSUM 205

Checksum Calculation at the Sender 205

Checksum Calculation at the Receiver 205

Checksum in the IP Packet 206

7.6 IP OVER ATM 207

ATM WANs 208

Routing the Cells 208

7.7 SECURITY 210

Security Issues 210

IPSec 211

7.8 IP PACKAGE 211

Header-Adding Module 212

Processing Module 213

Queues 213

Routing Table 214

Forwarding Module 214

MTU Table 214

Fragmentation Module 214

Reassembly Table 215

Reassembly Module 215

7.9 FURTHER READING 216

Books 216

RFCs 217

7.10 KEY TERMS 217

7.11 SUMMARY 217

7.12 PRACTICE SET 218

Exercises 218

Research Activities 219

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Chapter 8 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 220

8.1 ADDRESS MAPPING 221

Static Mapping 221

Dynamic Mapping 222

8.2 THE ARP PROTOCOL 222

Packet Format 223

Encapsulation 224

Operation 224

Proxy ARP 226

8.3 ATMARP 228

Packet Format 228

ATMARP Operation 229

Logical IP Subnet (LIS) 232

8.4 ARP PACKAGE 233

Cache Table 233

Queues 235

Output Module 235

Input Module 236

Cache-Control Module 237

More Examples 238

8.5 FURTHER READING 240

Books 240

RFCs 240

8.6 KEY TERMS 240

8.7 SUMMARY 241

8.8 PRACTICE SET 241

Exercises 241

Chapter 9 Internet Control Message Protocol Version 4

(ICMPv4) 244

9.1 INTRODUCTION 245

9.2 MESSAGES 246

Message Format 246

Error Reporting Messages 246

Query Messages 253

Checksum 256

9.3 DEBUGGING TOOLS 257

Ping 257

Traceroute 259

9.4 ICMP PACKAGE 262

Input Module 263

Output Module 263

9.5 FURTHER READING 264

Books 264

RFCs 264

9.6 KEY TERMS 264

9.7 SUMMARY 265

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9.8 PRACTICE SET 265

Exercises 265

Research Activities 267

Chapter 10 Mobile IP 268

10.1 ADDRESSING 269

Stationary Hosts 269

Mobile Hosts 269

10.2 AGENTS 270

Home Agent 271

Foreign Agent 271

10.3 THREE PHASES 271

Agent Discovery 271

Registration 273

Data Transfer 275

10.4 INEFFICIENCY IN MOBILE IP 277

Double Crossing 277

Triangle Routing 277

Solution 277

10.5 FURTHER READING 278

Books 278

RFCs 278

10.6 KEY TERMS 278

10.7 SUMMARY 279

10.8 PRACTICE SET 279

Exercises 279

Research Activities 280

Chapter 11 Unicast Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF,

and BGP) 282

11.1 INTRODUCTION 283

Cost or Metric 283

Static versus Dynamic Routing Tables 283

Routing Protocol 283

11.2 INTRA- AND INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING 284

11.3 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING 285

Bellman-Ford Algorithm 285

Distance Vector Routing Algorithm 287

Count to Infinity 291

11.4 RIP 293

RIP Message Format 294

Requests and Responses 295

Timers in RIP 296

RIP Version 2 297

Encapsulation 299

11.5 LINK STATE ROUTING 299

Building Routing Tables 300

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11.6 OSPF 304

Areas 304

Metric 305

Types of Links 305

Graphical Representation 307

OSPF Packets 307

Link State Update Packet 309

Other Packets 317

Encapsulation 320

11.7 PATH VECTOR ROUTING 320

Reachability 321

Routing Tables 322

11.8 BGP 323

Types of Autonomous Systems 323

Path Attributes 324

BGP Sessions 324

External and Internal BGP 324

Types of Packets 325

Packet Format 325

Encapsulation 329

11.9 FURTHER READING 329

Books 329

RFCs 330

11.10 KEY TERMS 330

11.11 SUMMARY 330

11.12 PRACTICE SET 331

Exercises 331

Research Activities 333

Chapter 12 Multicasting and Multicast Routing Protocols 334

12.1 INTRODUCTION 335

Unicasting 335

Multicasting 336

Broadcasting 338

12.2 MULTICAST ADDRESSES 338

Multicast Addresses in IPv4 339

Selecting Multicast Address 341

Delivery of Multicast Packets at Data Link Layer 342

12.3 IGMP 343

Group Management 344

IGMP Messages 344

IGMP Protocol Applied to Host 347

IGMP Protocol Applied to Router 351

Role of IGMP in Forwarding 352

Variables and Timers 354

Encapsulation 355

Compatibility with Older Versions 355

12.4 MULTICAST ROUTING 355

Optimal Routing: Shortest Path Trees 355

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12.5 ROUTING PROTOCOLS 358

Multicast Link State Routing: MOSPF 358

Multicast Distance Vector 360

DVMRP 364

CBT 364

PIM 366

12.6 MBONE 367

12.7 FURTHER READING 368

Books 368

RFCs 368

12.8 KEY TERMS 368

12.9 SUMMARY 369

12.10 PRACTICE SET 369

Exercises 369

Research Activities 371

Part 3 Transport Layer 373

Chapter 13 Introduction to the Transport Layer 374

13.1 TRANSPORT-LAYER SERVICES 375

Process-to-Process Communication 375

Addressing: Port Numbers 375

Encapsulation and Decapsulation 378

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 379

Flow Control 379

Error Control 382

Combination of Flow and Error Control 383

Congestion Control 385

Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Services 386

13.2 TRANSPORT-LAYER PROTOCOLS 389

Simple Protocol 390

Stop-and-Wait Protocol 391

Go-Back-N Protocol 395

Selective-Repeat Protocol 403

Bidirectional Protocols: Piggybacking 408

13.3 FURTHER READING 409

13.4 KEY TERMS 409

13.5 SUMMARY 410

13.6 PRACTICE SET 411

Exercises 411

Research Activities 413

Chapter 14 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 414

14.1 INTRODUCTION 415

14.2 USER DATAGRAM 416

14.3 UDP SERVICES 417

Process-to-Process Communication 417

Connectionless Services 418

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Flow Control 418

Error Control 418

Congestion Control 420

Encapsulation and Decapsulation 420

Queuing 421

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 423

Comparison between UDP and Generic Simple Protocol 423

14.4 UDP APPLICATIONS 424

UDP Features 424

Typical Applications 426

14.5 UDP PACKAGE 426

Control-Block Table 426

Input Queues 426

Control-Block Module 426

Input Module 427

Output Module 428

Examples 428

14.6 FURTHER READING 430

Books 430

RFCs 430

14.7 KEY TERMS 430

14.8 SUMMARY 430

14.9 PRACTICE SET 431

Exercises 431

Chapter 15 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 432

15.1 TCP SERVICES 433

Process-to-Process Communication 433

Stream Delivery Service 434

Full-Duplex Communication 436

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 436

Connection-Oriented Service 436

Reliable Service 436

15.2 TCP FEATURES 437

Numbering System 437

Flow Control 438

Error Control 438

Congestion Control 439

15.3 SEGMENT 439

Format 439

Encapsulation 441

15.4 A TCP CONNECTION 442

Connection Establishment 442

Data Transfer 444

Connection Termination 446

Connection Reset 448

15.5 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM 449

Scenarios 450

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15.6 WINDOWS IN TCP 457

Send Window 457

Receive Window 458

15.7 FLOW CONTROL 459

Opening and Closing Windows 460

Shrinking of Windows 462

Silly Window Syndrome 463

15.8 ERROR CONTROL 465

Checksum 465

Acknowledgment 465

Retransmission 466

Out-of-Order Segments 467

FSMs for Data Transfer in TCP 467

Some Scenarios 468

15.9 CONGESTION CONTROL 473

Congestion Window 473

Congestion Policy 474

15.10 TCP TIMERS 478

Retransmission Timer 478

Persistence Timer 481

Keepalive Timer 482

TIME-WAIT Timer 482

15.11 OPTIONS 482

15.12 TCP PACKAGE 489

Transmission Control Blocks (TCBs) 490

Timers 491

Main Module 491

Input Processing Module 495

Output Processing Module 496

15.13 FURTHER READING 496

Books 496

RFCs 496

15.14 KEY TERMS 496

15.15 SUMMARY 497

15.16 PRACTICE SET 498

Exercises 498

Research Activities 501

Chapter 16 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 502

16.1 INTRODUCTION 503

16.2 SCTP SERVICES 504

Process-to-Process Communication 504

Multiple Streams 504

Multihoming 505

Full-Duplex Communication 506

Connection-Oriented Service 506

Reliable Service 506

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16.3 SCTP FEATURES 506

Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) 506

Stream Identifier (SI) 506

Stream Sequence Number (SSN) 507

Packets 507

Acknowledgment Number 509

Flow Control 509

Error Control 509

Congestion Control 510

16.4 PACKET FORMAT 510

General Header 510

Chunks 511

16.5 AN SCTP ASSOCIATION 519

Association Establishment 519

Data Transfer 521

Association Termination 524

Association Abortion 524

16.6 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM 525

Scenarios 526

16.7 FLOW CONTROL 529

Receiver Site 529

Sender Site 530

A Scenario 530

16.8 ERROR CONTROL 531

Receiver Site 532

Sender Site 532

Sending Data Chunks 534

Generating SACK Chunks 534

16.9 CONGESTION CONTROL 535

Congestion Control and Multihoming 535

Explicit Congestion Notification 535

16.10 FURTHER READING 535

Books 536

RFCs 536

16.11 KEY TERMS 536

16.12 SUMMARY 536

16.13 PRACTICE SET 537

Exercises 537

Research Activities 539

Part 4 Application Layer 541

Chapter 17 Introduction to the Application Layer 542

17.1 CLIENT-SERVER PARADIGM 543

Server 544

Client 544

Concurrency 544

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Socket Interfaces 546

Communication Using UDP 554

Communication Using TCP 558

Predefined Client-Server Applications 564

17.2 PEER-TO-PEER PARADIGM 564

17.3 FURTHER READING 565

17.4 KEY TERMS 565

17.5 SUMMARY 565

17.6 PRACTICE SET 566

Exercises 566

Chapter 18

Host Configuration: DHCP 568

18.1 INTRODUCTION 569

Previous Protocols 569

DHCP 570

18.2 DHCP OPERATION 570

Same Network 570

Different Networks 571

UDP Ports 572

Using TFTP 572

Error Control 573

Packet Format 573

18.3 CONFIGURATION 576

Static Address Allocation 576

Dynamic Address Allocation 576

Transition States 576

Other Issues 578

Exchanging Messages 579

18.4 FURTHER READING 579

Books and RFCs 579

18.5 KEY TERMS 580

18.6 SUMMARY 580

18.7 PRACTICE SET 580

Exercises 580

Research Activities 581

Chapter 19

Domain Name System (DNS) 582

19.1 NEED FOR DNS 583

19.2 NAME SPACE 584

Flat Name Space 584

Hierarchical Name Space 584

Domain Name Space 585

Domain 587

Distribution of Name Space 587

19.3 DNS IN THE INTERNET 589

Generic Domains 589

Country Domains 590

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Inverse Domain 591

Registrar 592

19.4 RESOLUTION 593

Resolver 593

Mapping Names to Addresses 593

Mapping Addresses to Names 593

Recursive Resolution 593

Iterative Resolution 594

Caching 594

19.5 DNS MESSAGES 595

Header 596

19.6 TYPES OF RECORDS 598

Question Record 598

Resource Record 599

19.7 COMPRESSION 600

19.8 ENCAPSULATION 604

19.9 REGISTRARS 604

19.10 DDNS 604

19.11 SECURITY OF DNS 605

19.12 FURTHER READING 605

Books 606

RFCs 606

19.13 KEY TERMS 606

19.14 SUMMARY 606

19.15 PRACTICE SET 607

Exercises 607

Research Activities 608

Chapter 20 Remote Login: TELNET and SSH 610

20.1 TELNET 611

Concepts 611

Time-Sharing Environment 611

Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 613

Embedding 614

Options 615

Symmetry 618

Suboption Negotiation 618

Controlling the Server 618

Out-of-Band Signaling 620

Escape Character 620

Modes of Operation 621

User Interface 623

Security Issue 624

20.2 SECURE SHELL (SSH) 624

Versions 624

Components 624

Port Forwarding 625

Format of the SSH Packets 626

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20.3 FURTHER READING 626

Books 626

RFCs 627

20.4 KEY TERMS 627

20.5 SUMMARY 627

20.6 PRACTICE SET 628

Exercises 628

Research Activities 629

Chapter 21 File Transfer: FTP and TFTP 630

21.1 FTP 631

Connections 631

Communication 633

Command Processing 635

File Transfer 639

Anonymous FTP 642

Security for FTP 643

The sftp Program 643

21.2 TFTP 643

Messages 644

Connection 646

Data Transfer 647

UDP Ports 649

TFTP Example 650

TFTP Options 650

Security 651

Applications 651

21.3 FURTHER READING 652

Books 652

RFCs 652

21.4 KEY TERMS 652

21.5 SUMMARY 653

21.6 PRACTICE SET 653

Exercises 653

Research Activities 655

Chapter 22 World Wide Web and HTTP 656

22.1 ARCHITECTURE 657

Hypertext and Hypermedia 658

Web Client (Browser) 658

Web Server 659

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 659

22.2 WEB DOCUMENTS 660

Static Documents 660

Dynamic Documents 660

Active Documents 663

22.3 HTTP 664

HTTP Transaction 664

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Conditional Request 670

Persistence 670

Cookies 672

Web Caching: Proxy Server 675

HTTP Security 675

22.4 FURTHER READING 676

Books 676

RFCs 676

22.5 KEY TERMS 676

22.6 SUMMARY 676

22.7 PRACTICE SET 677

Exercises 677

Research Activities 678

Chapter 23 Electronic Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP,

and MIME 680

23.1 ARCHITECTURE 681

First Scenario 681

Second Scenario 682

Third Scenario 682

Fourth Scenario 683

23.2 USER AGENT 684

Services Provided by a User Agent 684

User Agent Types 685

Sending Mail 685

Receiving Mail 686

Addresses 686

Mailing List or Group List 686

23.3 MESSAGE TRANSFER AGENT: SMTP 687

Commands and Responses 687

Mail Transfer Phases 691

23.4 MESSAGE ACCESS AGENT: POP AND IMAP 693

POP3 694

IMAP4 695

23.5 MIME 695

MIME Headers 695

23.6 WEB-BASED MAIL 700

Case I 700

Case II 701

23.7 E-MAIL SECURITY 701

23.8 FURTHER READING 702

Books 702

RFCs 702

23.9 KEY TERMS 702

23.10 SUMMARY 702

23.11 PRACTICE SET 703

Exercises 703

Research Activities 704

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Chapter 24 Network Management: SNMP 706

24.1 CONCEPT 707

Managers and Agents 707

24.2 MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS 708

Role of SNMP 708

Role of SMI 708

Role of MIB 709

An Analogy 709

An Overview 710

24.3 SMI 711

Name 711

Type 712

Encoding Method 713

24.4 MIB 715

Accessing MIB Variables 716

Lexicographic Ordering 718

24.5 SNMP 719

PDUs 719

Format 721

Messages 722

24.6 UDP PORTS 724

24.7 SECURITY 725

24.8 FURTHER READING 725

Books 725

RFCs 725

24.9 KEY TERMS 726

24.10 SUMMARY 726

24.11 PRACTICE SET 726

Exercises 726

Research Activity 727

Chapter 25 Multimedia 728

25.1 INTRODUCTION 729

25.2 DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO 730

Digitizing Audio 730

Digitizing Video 730

25.3 AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION 731

Audio Compression 731

Video Compression 731

25.4 STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO 736

First Approach: Using a Web Server 736

Second Approach: Using a Web Server with Metafile 737

Third Approach: Using a Media Server 738

Fourth Approach: Using a Media Server and RTSP 738

25.5 STREAMING LIVE AUDIO/VIDEO 739

25.6 REAL-TIME INTERACTIVE AUDIO/VIDEO 740

Characteristics 740

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25.7 RTP 744

RTP Packet Format 745

UDP Port 746

25.8 RTCP 746

Sender Report 746

Receiver Report 747

Source Description Message 747

Bye Message 747

Application-Specific Message 747

UDP Port 747

25.9 VOICE OVER IP 748

SIP 748

H.323 750

25.10 QUALITY OF SERVICE 752

Flow Characteristics 752

Flow Classes 753

Techniques to Improve QoS 753

Resource Reservation 757

Admission Control 758

25.11 INTEGRATED SERVICES 758

Signaling 758

Flow Specification 758

Admission 759

Service Classes 759

RSVP 759

Problems with Integrated Services 762

25.12 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES 762

DS Field 762

25.13 RECOMMENDED READING 764

Books 764

RFCs 764

25.14 KEY TERMS 764

25.15 SUMMARY 765

25.16 PRACTICE SET 766

Exercises 766

Part 5 Next Generation 767

Chapter 26 IPv6 Addressing 768

26.1 INTRODUCTION 769

Notations 769

Address Space 772

Three Address Types 772

Broadcasting and Multicasting 773

26.2 ADDRESS SPACE ALLOCATION 773

Assigned and Reserved Blocks 775

26.3 GLOBAL UNICAST ADDRESSES 778

Three Levels of Hierarchy 779

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26.4 AUTOCONFIGURATION 781

26.5 RENUMBERING 782

26.6 FURTHER READING 782

Books 782

RFCs 782

26.7 KEY TERMS 783

26.8 SUMMARY 783

26.9 PRACTICE SET 783

Exercises 783

Chapter 27 IPv6 Protocol 786

27.1 INTRODUCTION 787

Rationale for Change 787

Reason for Delay in Adoption 787

27.2 PACKET FORMAT 788

Base Header 788

Flow Label 789

Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 Headers 790

Extension Headers 790

Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 795

27.3 TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6 796

Dual Stack 796

Tunneling 797

Header Translation 797

27.4 FURTHER READING 798

Books 798

RFCs 798

27.5 KEY TERMS 798

27.6 SUMMARY 799

27.7 PRACTICE SET 799

Exercises 799

Research Activity 799

Chapter 28 ICMPv6 800

28.1 INTRODUCTION 801

28.2 ERROR MESSAGES 802

Destination-Unreachable Message 802

Packet-Too-Big Message 803

Time-Exceeded Message 803

Parameter-Problem Message 804

28.3 INFORMATIONAL MESSAGES 804

Echo-Request Message 804

Echo-Reply Message 805

28.4 NEIGHBOR-DISCOVERY MESSAGES 805

Router-Solicitation Message 805

Router-Advertisement Message 806

Neighbor-Solicitation Message 806

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xxviii CONTENTS

Neighbor-Advertisement Message 807

Redirection Message 808

Inverse-Neighbor-Solicitation Message 808

Inverse-Neighbor-Advertisement Message 808

28.5 GROUP MEMBERSHIP MESSAGES 809

Membership-Query Message 809

Membership-Report Message 810

Functionality 810

28.6 FURTHER READING 812

Books 812

RFCs 812

28.7 KEY TERMS 812

28.8 SUMMARY 812

28.9 PRACTICE SET 813

Exercises 813

Research Activities 813

Part 6 Security 815

Chapter 29 Cryptography and Network Security 816

29.1 INTRODUCTION 817

Security Goals 817

Attacks 818

Services 819

Techniques 819

29.2 TRADITIONAL CIPHERS 820

Key 821

Substitution Ciphers 821

Transposition Ciphers 824

Stream and Block Ciphers 825

29.3 MODERN CIPHERS 826

Modern Block Ciphers 826

Data Encryption Standard (DES) 828

Modern Stream Ciphers 830

29.4 ASYMMETRIC-KEY CIPHERS 831

Keys 832

General Idea 832

RSA Cryptosystem 834

Applications 836

29.5 MESSAGE INTEGRITY 836

Message and Message Digest 836

Hash Functions 837

29.6 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 838

HMAC 838

29.7 DIGITAL SIGNATURE 839

Comparison 839

Process 840

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Signing the Digest 841

Services 842

RSA Digital Signature Scheme 843

Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 844

29.8 ENTITY AUTHENTICATION 844

Entity versus Message Authentication 844

Verification Categories 845

Passwords 845

Challenge-Response 845

29.9 KEY MANAGEMENT 847

Symmetric-Key Distribution 847

Symmetric-Key Agreement 850

Public-Key Distribution 851

29.10 FURTHER READING 853

29.11 KEY TERMS 853

29.12 SUMMARY 854

29.13 PRACTICE SET 855

Exercises 855

Research Activities 856

Chapter 30 Internet Security 858

30.1 NETWORK LAYER SECURITY 859

Two Modes 859

Two Security Protocols 861

Services Provided by IPSec 864

Security Association 865

Internet Key Exchange (IKE) 868

Virtual Private Network (VPN) 868

30.2 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 869

SSL Architecture 869

Four Protocols 872

30.3 APPLICATION LAYER SECURITY 875

E-mail Security 875

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) 876

Key Rings 878

PGP Certificates 878

S/MIME 881

Applications of S/MIME 885

30.4 FIREWALLS 885

Packet-Filter Firewall 885

Proxy Firewall 886

30.5 RECOMMENDED READING 887

30.6 KEY TERMS 887

30.7 SUMMARY 888

30.8 PRACTICE SET 888

Exercises 888

Research Activities 889

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Part 7 Appendices 891

Appendix A Unicode 892

Appendix B Positional Numbering Systems 896

Appendix C Error Detection Codes 904

Appendix D Checksum 914

Appendix E HTML, XHTML, XML, and XSL 920

Appendix F Client-Server Programming in Java 926

Appendix G Miscellaneous Information 932

Glossary 935

References 955

Index 957