《A HISTORY OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURE(FIFTH EDITION)》: In this highly acclaimed reference work David Watkin traces the history of western architecture from the earliest times in Mesopotamia and Egypt to the eclectic styles of the twenty-first century. The author emphasizes the ongoing vitality of the Classical language of architecture, underlining the continuity between, say, the work of Ictinus in fifth-century BC Athens and that of McKim, Mead and White in twentieth-century New York.

Preface 6

Chapter One

 Mesopotamia and Egypt 9

 MESOPOTAMIA 9

 EGYPT 13

From Saqqara to the Great Pyramid 14

Thebes 15

Karnakand Luxor 16

The Ptolemaic period 17

Chapter Two

 The Classical Foundation: Greek, Hellenistic, Roman 19

 THE BRONZEAGE HERITAGE 19

Mycenae 20

Hellenic culture 23

 Archaic temples c. 600480 B C 25

The rise of Ionic 3 I

The classic phase: 480400 BC

 THE HELLENISTIC BACKGROUND 41

Mainland Greece in the fourth century BC and the

 development of the Corinthian order 41

Asia Minor in the fourth and third centuries BC 45

The second century BC: sacred and secular

 buildings 47

Town planning 49

 The Greek agora 49

 Domestic architecture 54

 THE RISE OF ROME 57

Republican architecture 60

Fora, basilicas and temples: the Roman synthesis 64

 Triumphal arches 69

Palaces, villas and the new architecture of

 concrete 70

 Other buildings commissioned by Hadrian 75

 Baths 80

Town Planning 82

Constantine and the adoption of Christianity 87

Chapter Three

 Early Christian and Byzantine 89

Rome 89

Constantinople, Saloniea and Ravenna 92

 Hagia Sophia 94

 Other sixth-century churches in Constantinople

 and Ravenna 97

Later ByzantineArchitecture 99

 Russia 101

 S Marco, i'enice 103

 Sicily and France 105

Chapter Four

 Carolinglan and Romanesque I07

The rise of monasticism 107

 The Carohngian Renaissance 107

Britain and Spain from the ninth to the early eleventh

 centuries 112

 Britain 112

 Spain 114

Ottonian architecture and its influence 116

France in the tenth and early eleventh centuries 122

Normandy and England in the eleventh ant] twelfth

 centuries 126

The pilgrimage churches of France and Spain 134

Cluny lIl and the provincial schools of French

 Romanesque 136

Spain in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 141

Italy 144

 Lombardy 144

 Tuscany 146

Chapter Five

 The Gothic Experiment 149

 FRANCE 150

'The new light': Abbot Suger and the origins

 of Gothic 150

 Other cathedrals in the lie de France: Sens, Noyon,

 Loon and Paris 151

 Chartres 154

High Gothic: Reims, Amiens, Beauvais and

 Bourges 156

The Court Style and Rayonnant Gothic 160

 Hall churches 162

The Flamboyant style 164

Secular buihlings in medieval France 165

 ENGLAND 168

Canterbury and its impact 168

Lincoln and its impact 171

Westminster Abbey 173

The impact of Westminster and the origins

 of the Decorated style 174

 The Decorated style atiVells, Bristol and Ely 175

St Stephen's Chapel and the origins of

 Perpendicular 177

 ThePerpendicularatGloucester 178

 Late Perpendicular and the fan vault 179

Parish churches and secular architecture 180

 Oxford and Cambridge colleges 184

 GERMANY AND CENTRAL EUROPE,

 BELGIUM, ITALY, SPAIN, PORTUGAL  185

Cologne, Prague and the Parler dynasty 185

German late Gothic 189

  RiedandBohemia 191

Secular architecture in Germany and Bohemia 193

Belgium 193

Early Gothic in Italy 194

  Florence and Milan Cathedrals 196

  Italian secular architecture 198

Gothic in Spain in the thirteenth and fourteenth

  centuries 201

 Juan Guas and the lsabelline style 203

  Secular architecture in Spain 204

Gothic in Portugal 205

TOWN PLANNING 207

  The rise of civic identity 207

  Building regulations 208

  The response to Roman monuments and to

  landscape 208

  New towns 209

Chapter Six

 Renaissance Harmony 211

 THE BIRTH OFTHE RENAISSANCE 211

Florence and Brunelleschi 211

Alberti 215

Palaces and town planning in Pienza, Urbino

 and Florence 218

Filarete and Leonardo 221

  HIGIt RENAISSANCE 223

Rome: Bramante 223

St Peter's from Bramante to Maderno 225

P.aphael, Peruzzi and Antonio da Sangallo the

  Younger 227

Divergencies in Mantua: Giulio Romano 230

Michelangelo 232

High Renaissance inVerona andVenice: Sanmicheli

 and Sansovino 237

Vignola and the origins of Baroque 239

Palladio and the High Renaissance harmony 243

 THE RENAISSANCE OUTSIDE ITALY 251

France under Frangois I 25 I

  The establishment of French classicism: Lescot,

 de l'Orme and Bullant 256

  The developments of classicism by de Brosse,

 Lemercier and Mansart 260

Spain 262

Germany 266

Eastern Europe 269

Netherlands 271

England and the growth of the 'prodigy house' 273

 InigoJones and the High Renaissance clarity 277

 TOWN PLANNING 279

 Ideal towns 279

  The monumental street 280

  Town planning in Spain and France 281

Chapter Seven

 Baroque Expansion 283

 ITALY 283

The creation of Baroque: Bernini 283

An individual voice: Borromini 286

Pietro da Cortona 291

Contrasting currents in late-Baroque Rome 295

Peidmont: Guarini, Juvarra andVittone 299

Genoa, Milan, Bologna andVenice 306

Naples and Sicily 309

 BAROQUE OUTSIDE ITALY 314

France 314

 Versailles 317

French Rococo 321

Austria and Germany 323

Fischer yon Erlach 323

Hildebrandt 325

Prandtauer 326

 Neumann andAsam 328

 German Rococo 332

England 335

 Wren 335

 Talman,Vanbrugh, Hawksmoor 344

 Archer and Gibbs 352

Spain 354

Portugal 359

 TOWN PLANNING 362

 The contribution of Rome 362

 l'ersailles and its influence 364

 Vauban and the fortified town 365

 The Place Royale 365

 ChristopherIVren's plan for London 366

 Building regulations:the role of conformity 366

Chapter Eight

 Eighteenth-century

 Classicism 369

  THE IMPACT OF ROME 369

  PlRANESI 369

The origins of the Picturesque 373

Lord Burlington and William Kent 373

Robert Adam 377

Chambers andWyatt 382

Danceand Soane 387

  THE RISE OF NEO-CLASSICISM

  IN FRANCE 391

Soufflot and Ste-Genevi~ve 395

Peyre and Wailly 400

Ledotcx and the Picturesque 406

  THE CLASSICALTRADITION

  ELSEWHERE IN EUROPE 410

Italy 410

Germany 412

Poland 417

Scandinavia 419

Russia 421

 THE RISE OF CLASSICISM INTHE USA 424

Thomas Jefferson 427

Bulfinch and Latrobe 430

 TOWN PLANNING 434

 The contribution of the French Enlightenment 434

 Theory and practice in London 435

 Bath, Dublin, Edinburgh 435

 St Petersburg and Lisbon 437

 NorthAmerica 437

Chapter Nine

 The Nineteenth Century 439

 FRANCE 439

The rational tradition from Percier and Fontalne

  toViollet-le-Duc 439

From the Second Empire to the Paris Exposition

  of 1900 452

 BRITAIN 459

Regency and EarlyVictorian 459

Shawand the LateVictorian 472

 GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND ITALY 477

Schinkel and Klenze 477

G~irtner and Semper in Munich aml Vienna 486

Italy 490

 SCANDINAVIA, RUSSIA AND GREECE 497

Scandinavia and Finland 497

Poland anti Russia 500

Greece 505

 BELGIUM AND HOLLAND 509

 USA 512

Greek and Gothic to the mid-centur)' 512

New theories and new directions from Hunt

  to Richardson 516

Sullivan and the origin of the skyscraper 523

McKim, Mead and White and the return to

  classicism 525

 TOWN PLANNING 530

 The eighteenth-century legacy 530

 Model industrial town~ 531

 United States of America 533

 Developments in Europe 535

Chapter Ten

 Art Nouveau 537

 BELGIUM AND FRANCE 537

 SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND 543

 GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND ITALY  546

 SPAIN 556

Chapter Eleven

 TheTwentieth Century 565

 USA UPTO 1939 565

Frank LloydWright 565

Buiktings in traditional styles 575

The skyscraper 579

 EUROPE UPTO 1939 582

Early twentieth-century Berlin: Messel aml

  Behrens 582

The rise of Expressionism and the work of Poelzig 586

Other Expressionist architects in Germany and

  Holland 590

Gropius and the Bauhaus 593

From Adolf Loos to the International Modern Style 596

The classical tradition in inter-war Germany,

  Czechoslovakia and Slovenia 599

Early twentieth-century France and the Louis

  Seize Revival 601

Perret, Gamier and Sauvage 602

Le Corbusier 608

French architecture in traditional styles between

  the wars 613

Scandinavia and Finland 615

Futurism, classicism and Rationalism in Italy 624

Lutyens, the conservative genius 632

Traditionalism anti modernism in Britain 641

Modernism and traditionalism in the USSR 645

 MODERNISM AFTER 1 945 648

 POST-MODERNISM 660

 ARCHITECTURE FORTHE MILLENNIUM 668

The environment 671

Architecture and meaning 672

Economic and technological change 675

 TOWN PLANNING 676

The Garden City 676

The City Beautiful 677

Functionalism and after 677

Rebuilding Berlin 683

Chapter Twelve

 The Twenty-first Century 6s5

 ARCttlTECTURE, NATURE

 ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT 685

 CAD AND PARAMETRIC DESIGN 693

 VARIED VOICES 694

 LOOKING EAST 698

 TOWN PLANNING 699

Glossary 701

For Further Reading 704

Acknowledgements 709

Index 710