Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Application Scenarios of Positioning and Navigation
1.2 Brief History of Indoor Positioning and Navigation
1.3 Overview of the Book
References
Chapter 2 Major Signal Parameters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Received Signal Strength
2.3 Time of Arrival
2.3.1 Effect of Bandlimiting
2.3.2 Multipath Effect
2.3.3 Special Acoustic Signal
2.4 Angle of Arrival
2.4.1 Signal Processing for AOA Estimation
2.4.2 Beamforming for Signal Processing
2.4.3 TDOA for AOA Estimation
2.5 Range
2.5.1 Round-Trip Time-Based Ranging
2.5.2 TDOA-Based Ranging
2.5.3 RSS-Based Ranging
2.5.4 Pseudorange
2.6 INS Parameters
2.6.1 Acceleration
2.6.2 Turning Rate
2.7 Carrier Phase
2.8 Frequency Offset
2.9 Internal Radio Delay
2.10 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
References
Chapter 3 MEMS Sensor and Pedestrian Dead Reckoning
3.1 MEMS Technology
3.1.1 Introduction to MEMS
3.1.2 History of MEMS Technology
3.1.3 Application of MEMS Technology
3.2 MEMS Accelerometer and Gyroscope
3.2.1 MEMS Micro Accelerometer
3.2.2 MEMS Gyroscope
3.3 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning
3.3.1 Basic Principles
3.3.2 Example
References
Chapter 4 RFID Indoor Localization Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Localization Based on Improved Ranging Method
4.2.1 Ranging Algorithm Based on Similarity Analysis
4.2.2 Experimental Results
4.3 Localization based on Residual Weighted Multi-Dimensional Scaling
4.3.1 Weighted Multi-Dimensional Scaling Algorithm
4.3.2 Simulation and Discussion
4.4 Localization based on Convex Optimization
4.5 Localization based on Improved Fingerprinting
4.5.1 Basic Principle and Structure
4.5.2 Localization Scene
4.5.3 Dimensionality Reduction based on PCA
4.5.4 Clustering Based on K-Means
4.5.5 Simulation Result and Discussion
4.6 Localization based on Crowdsourcing
4.6.1 Fingerprint Database Construction Algorithm
4.6.2 Clustering Based on LVQ
4.6.3 Dimension Reduction based on MDS
4.6.4 Simulation Results
References
Chapter 5 Precise Positioning Using Terrestrial Ranging Technology
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of the Terrestrial Ranging Technology
5.1.2 Measurements and Measurement Equations
5.2 Terrestrial-Based On-The-Fly Positioning Method
5.2.1 Dynamic Model
5.2.2 Measurement Model
5.2.3 Calculation of Approximate Initial State
5.2.4 Experiment and Result Analysis
5.3 Indoor Positioning and Attitude Determination using New Terrestrial Ranging Signals
5.3.1 Multipath Mitigation Technology
5.3.2 Locata Position and Attitude Computation Model
5.3.3 Locata PAMS Mechanization
5.3.4 Experiment and Analyses
5.4 Terrestrial Augmented GNSS Precise Point Positioning Method for Kinematic Application
5.4.1 Single-Differenced GNSS Precise Point Positioning
5.4.2 Terrestrial Augmented PPP-GNSS System
5.4.3 Experiment and Result Analysis
References
Chapter 6 Ultra-Wideband-Based Indoor Localization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ultra-Wideband Signal
6.2.1 Definition of Ultra-Wideband
6.2.2 Advantages of Ultra-Wideband-Based Indoor Localization
6.3 Ultra-wideband Location Estimation
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Basic Theory of Location Estimation
6.3.3 Non-Cooperative and Cooperative Localization Network
6.4 Location Error Analysis
6.4.1 Offset from TOA Estimation Technique
6.4.2 Measurement Error
6.4.3 NLOS Propagation
6.4.4 Offset from Non-Linear Least Squares Algorithm
6.5 Integrated with Inertial Navigation System
6.5.1 UWB and INS Integration Schemes
6.5.2 Three Issues in UWB/INS Integration
6.6 Case Studies
6.6.1 UWB Indoor Localization
6.6.2 UWB/INS Tightly-Coupled Integration for Localizatio