In this important and revelatory book, Jonathan B. Tucker, a leading expert on chemical and biological weapons, chronicles the lethal history chemical warfare from World War I to the present.

At the turn of the twentieth century, the rise of synthetic chemistry made the large-scale use of toxic chemicals on the battlefield both feasible and cheap. Tucker explores the long debate over the military utility and moral ity of chemical warfare, from the first chlorine gas attack at Ypres in 1915 to Hitler's reluctance to use nerve agents (he believed, incorrectly, that the U.S. could retaliate in kind) to Saddam Hussein's gassing of his own people, and concludes with the emergent threat of chemical terrorism. Moving beyond history to the twenty-first century, War of Nerves makes clear that we are at a crossroads that could lead either to the further spread of these weapons or to their ultimate abolition.

According to arms control expert Tucker,chemical weapons—and efforts to ban them—are almost as old as war itself.The ancient Greeks and Romans tried to outlaw poison,and in 1675 the French and German empires signed a treaty that outlawed poisoned bullets.By WWI,the “futile slaughter of trench warfare” made toxic gases more attractive to the German High Command—and then everybody else.Fear of reprisal precluded the use of nerve agents in WWII battlefields,but the Nazis found Zyklon B,an insecticide,to be an effective instrument of death in their gas chambers.In the 1950s and'60s,virtually every major power was developing and testing chemical weapons,and this deadly technology was often granted to client states：Egypt used nerve agents in its 1962 war against Yemen,and Iraq frequently used nerve agents against its Kurds.Despite current debates about weapons of mass destruction,Tucker’s main points are not about warfare：his description of the 1995 Tokyo subway attack proves that with enough money,any madman can develop nerve gas.In his final pages,Tucker does point out that we have“grounds for hope as well as concern，” but many readers will only find cause for pessimism.Regardless,this is a sobering,detailed and necessary book.

Acknowledgments

List of Illustrations

Prologue： Live-Agent Training

CHAPTER ONE： The Chemistry of War

CHAPTE TWO： IG Farben

CHAPTE THERR： Twilight of the Gods

CHAPTE FIVE： Fight for the Spoils

CHAPTE SIX： Research and Development

CHAPTE SEVEN： Building the Stockpile

CHAPTE EIGHT： Chemical Arms Race

CHAPTE NINE： Agent Venomous

CHAPTE TEN：Yemen and After

CHAPTE ELEVEN： Incident at Skull Valley

CHAPTE TWELVE： New Fears

CHAPTE THIRTEEN： Binary Debate

CHAPTE FOURTEEN： Silent Spread

CHAPTE FIFTEEN： Peace and War

CHAPTE SIXTEEN： Whistle-Blower

CHAPTE SEVENTEEN： The Tokyo Subway

CHAPTE SEVENTEEN： The Tokyo Subway

CHAPTE EIGHTEEN： The Emerging Threat

Epilogue： Toward Abolition

Glossary

Notes

Bibliography

Index