1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Significance and Implication of Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Civil Infrastructures
1.3 Research Framework and Outlines
References
2 High-Fidelity Computational Models for Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Tall Buildings
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fiber-Beam Element Model
2.2.1 Fundamental Principles
2.2.2 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Model of Concrete
2.2.3 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Model of Steel Reinforcement
2.2.4 Validation Through Reinforced Concrete Specimens
2.2.5 Stress-Strain Model of Composite Components
2.2.6 Steel Fiber-Beam Element Model Considering the Local Buckling Effect
2.3 Multi-layer Shell Model
2.3.1 Fundamental Principles
2.3.2 High-Performance Flat Shell Element NLDKGQ
2.3.3 High-Performance Triangular Shell Element NLDKGT
2.3.4 Constitutive Models of Concrete and Steel
2.3.5 Implementation of Multi-layer Shell Element in OpenSees
2.3.6 Validation Through Reinforced Concrete Specimens
2.3.7 Collapse Simulation of an RC Frame-Core Tube Tall Building
2.4 Hysteretic Hinge Model
2.4.1 Overview
2.4.2 The Proposed Hysteretic Hinge Model
2.4.3 Validation of the Proposed Hysteretic Hinge Model
2.5 Multi-scale Modeling
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 InterfaceModeling
2.6 Element Deactivation and Collapse Simulation
2.6.1 Element Deactivation for Component Failure Simulation
2.6.2 Visualization of the Movement of Deactivated Elements Using Physics Engine
2.7 GPU-Based High-Performance Matrix Solvers for OpenSees
2.7.1 Fundamental Conception of General-Purpose Computing on GPU (GPGPU)
2.7.2 High-Performance Solver for the Sparse System of Equations (SOE) in OpenSees
2.7.3 Case Studies
2.8 Physics Engine-Based High-Performance Visualization
2.8.1 Overview
2.8.2 Overall Visualization Framework
2.8.3 Clustering-Based Key Frame Extractions
2.8.4 Parallel Frame Interpolation
2.9 Summary
References
3 Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Typical Supertall Buildings
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Earthquake Disaster Simulation of the Shanghai Tower
3.2.1 Overview of the Shanghai Tower
3.2.2 Finite Element Model of the Shanghai Tower
3.2.3 Earthquake-Induced Collapse Simulation
3.2.4 Impact of Soil–Structure Interaction
3.3 Earthquake Disaster Simulation and Design Optimization of the CITIC Tower
3.3.1 Introduction of the CITIC Tower
3.3.2 Different Lateral Force Resisting Systems of CITIC Tower and the Finite Element Models
3.3.3 Earthquake-Induced Collapse Simulation of the Half-Braced Scheme
3.3.4 Earthquake-Induced Collapse Simulation of the Fully-Braced Scheme
3.3.5 Comparison Between the Two Design Schemes
3.3.6 Optimal Design of Minimum Base Shear Force Contents xvii
3.3.7 Optimal Design of Brace-Embedded Shear Wall
3.4 Summary
References
4 Comparison of Seismic Design and Resilience of Tall Buildings Based on Chinese and US Design Codes
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 From Performance-Based Design to Resilience-Based Design
4.1.2 The Rationale of Design Code Comparison
4.2 Comparison of RC Buildings Based on the Chinese and US Design Codes
4.2.1 Comparison of the Seismic Designs
4.2.2 Comparison of the Structural Performance
4.2.3 Comparison of the Seismic Resilience
4.2.4 Concluding Remarks
4.3 Comparison of Steel Buildings Based on the Chinese and US Design Codes
4.3.1 Comparison of the Seismic Designs
4.3.2 Comparison of the Structural Performance
4.3.3 Comparison of the Seismic Resilience
4.3.4 Concluding Remarks
4.4 Summary
References
5 Simplified Models for Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Supertall Buildings
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Flexural-Shear Model
5.2.1 Fundamental Concepts of the Flexural-Shear Model
5.

前言
Earthquake is a life-threatening
natural disaster happening all over the
world andChina is one of the countries
that suffer the most from earthquake
catastrophes.Enhancing the seismic
resistance and resilience of civil
infrastructures in populous urban cities
through in-depth earthquake engineering
research remains a critically important
challenge for safeguarding human lives
and properties. Since the 1976
devastating Tangshan Earthquake, no
severe earthquake has occurred in the
eastern and central cities of mainland
China for more than 40 years.
Apparently, experiences gained from
historical earthquakes cannot be
directly used to meet the demands of the
latest development in building
technologies and urbanizations. Given
the many limitations of physical testing
facilities, an accurate, efficient, and
realistic numerical simulation of
seismic damage to civil infrastructures
and urban cities becomes a valuable
alternative for developing engineering
solutions and disaster mitigation
strategies to reduce the impacts of
earthquakes. Thiswill in turn help to
improve postearthquake emergency
response and recovery practices and to
build future seismic resilient cities.
In the past 16 years, the authors of
thismonograph have systematically
established a series of earthquake
disaster simulation approaches for civil
infrastructures through comprehensive
nonlinear dynamic analyses of individual
buildings and urban areas.As a summary
of the outcomes of their work, the first
edition of this monograph was published
in 2016, covering novel computational
models, high performance computing
methods, and realistic visualization
techniques for tall buildings and urban
areas, with particular emphasis on
collapse prevention and mitigation from
extreme earthquakes, earthquake loss
evaluation, and seismic resilience.
Since the publication of the first
edition in 2016, many important advances
have been made in the field of
earthquake engineering. On the one hand,
more attention has been paid to the
aspects of seismic resilience, economic
loss control, and postearthquake rapid
recovery. On the other hand, for a
contemporary city being regarded as a
three-domain (physics-society-
information) complex system, the
ultimate goal of seismic resilience
cannot be achieved individually by
high-performance structures. Therefore,
earthquake disaster prevention and
mitigation of communities and urban
cities have received ever-increasing
attention worldwide. In this regard, the
authors of this monograph have also
conducted leading-edge research work
relevant to seismic resilience in recent
years, and their up-to-date research
outcomes have been supplemented in this
new edition, including (1) novel seismic
resilient outriggers and multi-hazard
resilient frames (Chap. 6); (2)
amultiple level-of detail (LOD)
seismic-damage simulation framework for
urban buildings (Chap. 7); (3) a
numerical coupling scheme for nonlinear
time-history analyses of buildings on a
regional scale considering site-city
interaction (SCI) effects (Chap. 7); (4)
a regional seismic loss estimation
method for buildings based on BIM, GIS,
and a new generation performance-based
design method (Chap. 8); (5) a high-
fidelity visualization technique based
on oblique aerial photography (Chap. 9);
(6) a simulation and visualization
method of fire following earthquake for
single buildings and a cluster of
buildings on a regional scale (Chap.
10); (7) a framework for simulating
falling debris hazards and their
influences on pedestrian evacuation and
shelter planning strategies (Chap. 10);
(8) a real-time earthquake damage
assessment using recorded ground motions
and city-scale nonlinear time-history
and
Durability of Ministry of Education
of China and the Laboratory of the
Mechanical
Computing and Simulation of Tsinghua
University for