业务分析是产品和项目开发的起点，软件教父Martin Fowler在书中浓缩了十余年的对象建模经验，提炼出覆盖所有领域的商业软件的分析模式和辅助模式，深入讲解了如何敏锐地识别重复性问题并将其转化为可用模型。本书犹如一个装满妙计的锦囊。助你轻松应对软件中各种猝不及防的需求变化。十多年来。这部经典名作在软件业的地位无可替代。它被Ralph Johnson “我一直梦寐以求的东西”。每一次阅读。它都能启发新知。和《设计模式》一样。它像一坛陈年佳酿。历久弥香，值得珍藏与回味。

本书讲述各种分析模式和辅助模式，专注于面向对象分析与设计的结果——模型本身，给出了来自金融贸易、测量、财务以及组织关系等多个领域内的一系列模式。书中每个模式都包含了设计背后的原理、使用的规则以及实现的技巧，给出的例子包含了有用模型的细节，并介绍了用于提高分析、建模和实现的重用技巧。

本书适用于面向对象的计算机分析人员和设计人员、数据建模人员、编程人员以及软件工程师。

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

 1.1 Conceptual Models 1

 1.2 The World of Patterns 4

 1.3 The Patterns in this Book 8

 1.4 Conceptual Models and Business Process Reengineering 10

 1.5 Patterns and Frameworks 11

 1.6 Using the Patterns 11

 References 14

Part 1. Analysis Patterns 15

Chapter 2 Accountability 17

 2.1 Party 18

 2.2 Organization Hierarchies 19

 2.3 Organization Structure 21

 2.4 Accountability 22

 2.5 Accountability Knowledge Level 24

 2.6 Party Type Generalizations 27

 2.7 Hierarchic Accountability 28

 2.8 Operating Scopes 30

 2.9 Post 32

 References 33

Chapter 3. Observations and Measurements 35

 3.1 Quantity 36

 3.2 Conversion Ratio 38

 3.3 Compound Units 39

 3.4 Measurement 41

 3.5 Observation 42

 3.6 Subtyping Observation Concepts 46

 3.7 Protocol 46

 3.8 Dual Time Record 47

 3.9 Rejected Observation 48

 3.10 Active Observation, Hypothesis, and Projection 49

 3.11 Associated Observation 50

 3.12 Process of Observation 51

 References 55

Chapter 4. Observations for Corporate Finance 57

 4.1 Enterprise Segment 59

 4.2 Measurement Protocol 65

 4.3 Range 76

 4.4 Phenomenon with Range 77

 4.5 Using the Resulting Framework 82

 References 83

Chapter 5. Referring to Objects 85

 5.1 Name 86

 5.2 Identification Scheme 88

 5.3 Object Merge 90

 5.4 Object Equivalence 92

 References 93

Chapter 6. Inventory and Accounting 95

 6.1 Account 97

 6.2 Transactions 98

 6.3 Summary Account 101

 6.4 Memo Account 103

 6.5 Posting Rules 104

 6.6 Individual Instance Method 106

 6.7 Posting Rule Execution 111

 6.8 Posting Rules for Many Accounts 116

 6.9 Choosing Entries 118

 6.10 Accounting Practice 119

 6.11 Sources of an Entry 122

 6.12 Balance Sheet and Income Statement 123

 6.13 Corresponding Account 124

 6.14 Specialized Account Mode] 125

 6.15 Booking Entries to Multiple Accounts 127

 Further Reading 132

 References 132

Chapter 7. Using the Accounting Models 133

 7.1 Structural Models 134

 7.2 Implementing the Structure 137

 7.3 Setting Up New Phone Services 138

 7.4 Setting Up Calls 142

 7.5 Implementing Account-based Firing 143

 7.6 Separating Calls into Day and Evening 143

 7.7 Charging for Time 145

 7.8 Calculating the Tax 148

 7.9 Concluding Thoughts 150

 References 155

Chapter 8. Planning 157

 8.1 Proposed and Implemented Action 158

 8.2 Completed and Abandoned Actions 160

 8.3 Suspension 161

 8.4 Plan 162

 8.5 Protocol 165

 8.6 Resource Allocation 168

 8.7 Outcome and Start Functions 172

 References 174

Chapter 9. Trading 175

 9.1 Contract 176

 9.2 Portfolio 180

 9.3 Quote 185

 9.4 Scenario 188

 References 196

Chapter 10. Derivative Contracts 197

 10.1 Forward Contracts 198

 10.2 Options 200

 10.3 Product 205

 10.4 Subtype State Machines 211

 10.5 Parallel Application and Domain Hierarchies 216

 References 223

Chapter 11. Trading Packages 225

 11.1 Multiple Access Levels to a Package 226

 11.2 Mutual Visibility 230

 11.3 Subtyping Packages 233

 11.4 Concluding Thoughts 234

 References 235

Part 2. Support Patterns 237

Chapter 12. Layered Architecture for Information Systems 239

 12.1 Two-Tier Architecture 240

 12.2 Three-Tier Architecture 242

 12.3 Presentation and Application Logic 245

 12.4 Database Interaction 251

 12.5 Concluding Thoughts 255

 References 256

Chapter 13. Application Facades 257

 13.1 A Health Care Example 258

 13.2 Contents of a Facade 259

 13.3 Common Methods 262

 13.4 Operations 264

 13.5 Type Conversions 265

 13.6 Multiple Facades 267

 References 269

Chapter 14. Patterns for Type Model

 Design Templates 271

 14.1 Implementing Associations 274

 14.2 Implementing Generalization 281

 14.3 Object Creation 289

 14.4 Object Destruction 290

 14.5 Entry Point 291

 14.6 Implementing Constraints 294

 14.7 Design Templates for Other Techniques 295

 References 295

Chapter 15. Association Patterns 297

 15.1 Associative Type 298

 15.2 Keyed Mapping 301

 15.3 Historic Mapping 303

 References 307

Chapter 16. Afterword 309

 References 310

 Part 3. Appendix 311

 Appendix A. Techniques and Notations 313

 A.1 Type Diagrams 313

 A.2 Interaction Diagrams 325

 A.3 Event Diagrams 326

 A.4 State Diagrams 327

 A.5 Package Diagrams 328

 References 330

Appendix B. Table of Patterns 331

Index 343