为了纪念达尔文诞生200周年和他的巨著《物种起源》出版150周年，2009年10月北京大学生命科学学院、中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所和系统与进化植物学国家重点实验室联合主办了“纪念达尔文《物种起源》发表150周年国际学术会议”，会议特别邀请了来自美国、瑞典、英国、加拿大、丹麦、日本、爱尔兰和中国等8个国家、32个学术机构的44名国际知名学者做演讲，会议期间他们就演化机制、物种形成、分子演化、系统发育、生物地理学，以及生物大类群起源、辐射和灭绝的古生物证据等主题做大会报告，并和与会代表进行广泛交流和深入探讨。

由龙漫远、顾红雅、周忠和等编著的《纪念达尔文诞辰200周年国际学术会议论文集》收集了此次会议的思想成果，特别是大会特邀科学家们关于达尔文科学遗产的思考和讨论。

2009年10月24～26日，演化生物学的科学家们从世界各国和中国各地相聚北京，参加主题为“达尔文200·北京”的国际学术会议，共同纪念达尔文诞生200周年和他的巨著《物种起源》出版150周年。几十位学者就演化领域主要分支——古生物学、系统演化、扬种形成、群体遗传学、分子演化、发育演化、复杂性状遗传等方面的科学问题作，特邀报告。这此演讲包括对演化生物学历史的热情回顾，对新问题原创性的科学探索，以及对演化研究意义的哲学思考，对达尔文留下的科学遗产做出了全面评价。由龙漫远、顾红雅、周忠和等编著的《纪念达尔文诞辰200周年国际学术会议论文集》收集了此次会议的思想成果，特别是大会特邀科学家们关于达尔文科学遗产的思考和讨论。22位作者根据他们的发言和思考写出了纪念文章；40多位大会演讲者留下了宝贵的发言摘要，这些文献记载了国际和国内演化领域的著名科学家对达尔文及其臣著的历史和今天科学意义的看法，以及他们在相关领域的研究成果，对现今演化生物学的科学研究具有指导作用。此外，《纪念达尔文诞辰200周年国际学术会议论文集》也收集了部分会议期间所拍摄的相片，包括所有参加者讨沦发言时的，照片和合影，记载了纪念活动感人的真情实景。文集还收集了一些具有历史价值的文献照片，以期展示达尔文在中国的传播和历史影响，进而反映达尔文及其巨著经久不衰的影响。

Prologue

I Introductions

Opening Speech

Congratulation from MOST of China

Welcome Speech

II Contributed Essays

Investigating Evolutionary Radiations

The Earliest Arthropods and Other Animals

Mutationism and the Reproductive Struggle:A Fresh Evolutionary Synthesis beyond Neodarwinism

Ascent with Modification: Fossil Fishes Witnessed Their Own Group's Adaptation to the Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Late Cenozoic

Dynamic Genome Evolution of Oryza - A Genus-Wide Comparative Analysis

Evolution: The Most Important Theory in Biology

Whole-Genome Based Prokaryotic Branches of the Tree of Life

The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Finding a Context

Recent Speciation of Cyprinid Fishes in East Asia Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetics

Evolution of Cis-Regulatory Modules

Natural Selection in New Gene Evolution

Evolutionary Development and Homoplasy of the Middle Ear in Early Mammal Evolution

The Nearly Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

On Alternation of Generations in Embryophytic Plants

The Effects of Flower Color Transitions on Diversification Rates in Morning Glories （Ipomoea subg. Quamoclit, Convolvulaceae）

Evolutionary Theory and the Problem of Change: A Historical Perspective

On the Origin of New Genes

Timing and Modes of Evolution of Eastern Asian North American Biogeographic Disjunctions in Seed Plants

The Great Ordovician Biodiversification in South China: A Synopsis

A Neglected Dimension of Evolution and the Origin of Species

Positive Darwinian Selection in Gene Evolution

On Some Examples of Missing Links - Perspectives from Fossil Evidence in China

III Abstracts of Oral Presentations

Darwin's Headache, Caused by the Cambrian Explosion

Darwin and the Tree of Life

The Earliest Arthropods and Other Animals

The Eukaryote Tree: Deep Phylogeny and the Evolution of Protist Body Plans

Dynamic Genome Evolution of the Oryza Genomes

Deep Root of the Modem Animal Diversity

Darwin and the Dinosaurs

Global Biogeographic Patterns in "Higher Landbirds"

The Genetic Architecture of a Complex Trait:What Evolutionary Biology Can Tell Us about Genome-Wide Association Studies

Giant Panda Genomic Data Provide Insight into the Birth-and-Death Process of Mammalian Major Histocompatibility Complex Class 11 Genes

Early Cretaceous Flowers and the Darwin Mystery

Evolution: The Most Important Theory in Biology

Whole-Genome Based Prokaryotic Branches of the Tree of Life

The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event （GOBE）:

Causes and Consequences of Diversity's Big Bang The Fast Speciation of Cyprinid Fish in Eastern Asia Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Study

Evolution of the Regulatory Network for Floral Development

Linking Darwinian Mechanisms with the Evolution of Form

Some Problems in Biogeographic Studies in China

The Pattern of New Gene Evolution Shaped by Darwinian Selection

Asymmetry in the Strength of Sexual Antagonism in XY vs. ZW Systems- Evidence from Whole-Genome Expression

Development and Evolution of the Mammalian Ears

The Evolution of Mammalian Brain - from Darwin's The Origin to the New Evidence of Mesozoic Mammals

Microevolutionary Processes and Macroevolutionary Patterns of Diversification in Cichlid Fishes: Lessons from Extremely Young Species Flocks

The Nearly Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

Evolution of Life Cycle in Land Plants

Are Certain Types of Mutation Used Preferentially in Evolutionary Change？

The History of Evolutionary Thought

Unique Genetic Behavior of Nucleotide Insertion/Deletion in Living Organism

Constraints on Multivariate Evolution

Phylogeography of Plants in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Origin and Functions of New Genes

Early Diversification of Vascular Plants - Evidence from South China

Giant Panda: The Evolutionary Dead-End？

Darwin and Biogeography

Comparative Genomics and the Aftermath of Ancient Polyploidization

Genes and Speciation - 150 Years of Darwin and （nearly） 150 Years of Mendel

On the Eve of the Cambrian Animal Radiation: The Ediacaran Fossil Record and Its Implications for the Early Evolution of Complex Life Forms and Ecosystems

The Evolution of Theropod Hand

Calibrating the Molecular Clock to Date Species Divergences

QTL Mapping and Genetics Basis of Adaptation

The Great Ordovician Biodiversification in South China: A Synopsis

Domestications of Animals in East Asia

Gene Expression Noise and Evolution

Origin and Early Diversification of Jawed Vertebrates

IV Selected Photos of the Conference

Group

Orgnizers

Presentation

Discussion

Epilogue