This book alms to tackle such blind spots by focusing'on both the theoretical and empirical side of flourishing 'manned' guarding services in the Netherlands.It maps out the evolution of private security over the past 30 years and elucidates why the industry has grown so large. The book also offers detailed insights for politicians.

Private seCurity is a mushrooming phenomenon worldwide, yet little is known about its nature and extent. There is a lack of systematic research that deals with the size, shape, growth and implications of private security operations.Furthermore, the limited available information has been dominated by Anglo-American publications tending to overlook the situation outside.Anglophone countries. In addition, academic literature in general lacks a coherent set of theoretical concepts that can explain developing private security markets. This book alms to tackle such blind spots by focusing'on both the theoretical and empirical side of flourishing‘manned' guarding services in the Netherlands.It maps out the evolution of private security over the past 30 years and elucidates why the industry has grown so large. The book also offers detailed insights for politicians, policy-makers and ordinary citizens who frequently encounter private guards, but lack detailed information about them. In so doing, it sheds light on changes representing major shifts in policing and public order maintenance, tasks which to date have been government's primary responsibility.

Introduction: The Growth of Dutch Private Security

 1.1 Research questions and aims

 1.2 Research methods

 1.3 Relevance

 1.4 Outline

Part 1: Theory and Methodology

 2 On Police, Policing and Private Security: A Brief Overview

 2.1 Essentially contested concepts

 2.1.1 The etymology of policing

 2.1.2 Policing and authority

 2.1.3 Decoupling‘police' from‘policing'

 2.1.4 A definition of policing

 2.2 The fuzziness of public versus private

 2.2.1 Disentangling the public and the private

 2.2.2 Classifying Dutch policing

 2.2.3 A definition of private security

 2.3 Understanding public and private policing

 2.4 Conclusion

 3 Widening Networks: Security Governance

 3.1 Nodal governance

 3.2 The formalization of social control

 3.3 The culture of control

 3.4 Trapped in downward circles?

 3.5 The inverted safety paradigm

 3.6 Relationships within extended police families

 3.7 Conclusion

 4 Theorizing Private Security: The Explanatory Framework

 4.1 Rising crime and related problems

 4.1.1 Crime and fear

 4.1.2 Disorder

 4.2 Growth of mass private property

 4.2.1 Mass private property

 4.2.2 Communal spaces

 4.3 Economic rationalities

 4.3.1 External incentives

 4.3.2 Intrinsic motivations

 4.4 Government policy toward private sector participation

 4.4.1 Top-down privatization

 4.4.2 Bottom-up privatization

 4.5 An overburdened police force

 4.5.1 A limited police budget

 4.5.2 Two schools of thought

 4.6 Professionalization of private security

 4.6.1 External incentives

 4.6.2 Intrinsic motivations

 4.7 Conclusion

 5 Studying Private Security: Research Methods

 5.1 Case study research

 5.1.1 The problem of causality

 5.1.2 The problem of generalization

 5.2 Case selection

 5.3 Data collection tools

 5.3.1 National level

 5.3.2 Local level

 5.4 Data analysis

 5.4.1 National level analysis

 5.4.2 Within-case analysis

 5.4.3 Cross-case analysis

 5.5 Ethical considerations

 5.6 Conclusion

Part 2: A National Case Study

 6 Growing Private Security: A Market in Motion

 6.1 Measuring the private security 'industry'

 6.2 The Dutch private security industry

 6.2.1 The census

 6.2.2 Security yearbooks

 6.2.3 Quickscans

 6.2.4 Personal research

 6.2.4.1 Manned guarding

 6.2.4.2 Central alarm respondents

 6.2.4.3 Armored couriers

 6.2.4.4 Private investigators

 6.2.4.5 Technical equipment services

 6.3 An international perspective

 6.4 Summary

 7 Private Security Growth: Exploring Explanatory Factors

 7.1 Rising crime and related problems

 7.1.1 Crime and business losses

 7.1.2 Crime and fear

 7.2 Growth of mass private property

 7.2.1 Business, retail and leisure facilities

 7.2.2 Communal spaces: Residential areas

 7.3 Economic rationalities

 7.3.1 Public-private partnerships

 7.3.2 Spillover effects?

 7.4 Government policy toward private sector participation

 7.4.1 A working group on private security

 7.4.2 Crime prevention and integral safety policy

 7.4.3 Direct privatization

 7.4.4 Stricter law enforcement

 7.5 An overburdened police force

 7.5.1 The Dutch police in brief

 7.5.2 Mounting criticism

 7.5.2.1 Bureaucratic obstacles

 7.5.2.2 Public pressure on criminal justice

 7.5.2.3 Dissatisfied citizens

 7.5.2.4 A business perspective

 7.5.2.5 Recent developments in police policy

 7.6 Professionalization of private security

 7.6.1 A struggling industry

 7.6.2 Legislation and training

 7.6.3 An international perspective

 7.7 Analys-is

 7.7.1 Shifts in the size and organization of private security

 7.7.2 Rising crime and related problems

 7.7.3 Growth of mass private property

 7.7.4 Economic rationalities

 7.7.5 Government policy toward private sector participation

 7.7.6 An overburdened police force

 7.7.7 Professionalization of private security

 7.8 Preliminary conclusions

 8 Efteling: World of Wonders

 8.1 The forerunner of Efteling (1933-1952)

 8.2 Period 1: Anton Pieck's dream (1952-1980)

 8.3 Period 2: The Fairy Tale Forest and beyond (1980-1985)

 8.4 Period 3: 'We sell memories and emotions' (1985-1990)

 8.5 Period 4: A jester's dance (1990-2005)

 8.6 Recent developments: Toward an integral safety policy

 8.7 Analysis

 8.7.1 Shifts in the extent and nature of private security

 8.7.2 Rising crime and related problems

 8.7.3 Growth of mass private property

 8.7.4 Economic rationalities

 8.7.5 Government policy toward private sector participation

 8.7.6 An overburdened police force

 8.7.7 Professionalization of private security

 8.7.8 Changes in labor law: A new factor

 8.8 Summary

 9 Stadium Feyenoord:‘Hand in Hand, Comrades!'

 9.1 The early history of Feyenoord (1908-1945)

 9.2 Period 1: A stadium for the working class (1945-1974)

 9.3 Period 2: Football hooliganism (1974-1990)

 9.4 Period 3: Reducing hooliganism (1990-1997)

 9.5 Period 4: Carlo Picornie and beyond (1997-2005)

 9.5.1 Integral safety policy

 9.5.1.1 Stadium Feyenoord

 9.5.1.2 Municipality of Rotterdam

 9.5.1.3 Rotterdam-Rijnmond police force

 9.5.1.4 Public prosecution service

 9.5.2 Commercialization of in-house security

 9.6 Recent developments: Toward repression and prevention

 9.7 Analysis

 9.7.1 Shifts in the extent and nature of private security

 9.7.2 Rising crime and related problems

 9.7.3 Growth of mass private property

 9.7.4 Economic rationalities

 9.7.5 Government policy toward private sector participation

 9.7.6 An overburdened police force

 9.7.7 Professionalization of private security

 9.7.8 Changes in labor law: A new factor

 9.8 Summary

 10 Hoog Catharijne: Retail Heart of the Netherlands

 10.1 Hoog Catharijne's early history (1962-1973)

 10.2 Period 1: A magnet for the homeless (1973-1982)

 10.3 Period 2: Rising tensions (1982-1987)

 10.4 Period 3: Policy experiments (1987-2001)

 10.4.1 Private funding of public police patrollers

 10.4.2 Ongoing struggles

 10.5 Period 4: An integral safety approach (2001-2005)

 10.6 Recent developments: A drastic facelift for Hoog Catharijne

 10.7 Analysis

 10.7.1 Shifts in the extent and nature of policing

 10.7.2 Rising crime and related problems

 10.7.3 Growth of mass private property

 10.7.4 Economic rationalities

 10.7.5 Government policy toward private sector participation

 10.7.6 An overburdened police force

 10.7.7 Professionalization of private security

 10.8 Summary

Part 4: Analysis, Conclusions and Discussion

 11 Dutch Private Security: An Analysis

 11.1 Shifts in the extent and nature of private security

 11.2 The original model

 11.2.1 Rising crime and related problems

 11.2.2 Growth of mass private property

 11.2.3 Economic rationalities

 11.2.4 Government policy toward private sector participation

 11.2.5 An overburdened police force

 11.2.6 Professionalization of private security

 11.2.7 Changes in labor law: A new factor

 11.3 Summary

 12 Conclusions and Discussion: Explaining Private Security

 12.1 The intellectual puzzle

 12.1.1 Shifts in private security

 12.1.2 The explanatory model revisited

 12.2 Reflections on flourishing private security

 12.3 Reflections on explanatory factors

 12.4 Theoretical and research implications

 12.5 Consequences of private security

 12.6 Final remarks

References

Appendix 1 : Questionnaire survey and interview protocol

Appendix 2: Qualitative data matrices

Appendix 3: Summary in Dutch (samenvatting)