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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Definition and Scope of Physiology

Structure and Fundamental Characteristics of Living Organism

Internal Environment Homeostasis and Biorhythm

Regulation of Body Functions

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 2 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF

CELLS

Structure of Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport

Signal Transduction of Cell Membrane

Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

Contraction of Muscle

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 3 BLOOD

Body Fluid and Plasma

Physiology of Blood Cells

Physiological Hemostasis

Blood Types

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 4 CARDIOVASCULAR

PHYSIOLOGY

 SECTION A Electrical Activity of the Heart

Anatomy

Cardiac muscle

Heartbeat Coordination

 SECTION B Pump Function of the Heart

Mechanical Events of The Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Output

Measurement of Cardiac Function

 SECTION C The Vascular System

Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

Arteries

Arterioles

Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle

Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs

Capillaries

Veins

The Lymphatic System

 SECTION D Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic

Arterial Pressure

Baroreceptor Reflexes

Blood Volume and Long Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure

Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses

 SECTION E Circulation through Special

Regions

Coronary Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

Cerebral Circulation

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION

 SECTION A Organization of the Respiratory System

The Airway and its Functions

Sites of Gas Exchange

Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall

 SECTION B Pulmonary Ventilation

Principle of Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation

  SECTION C Gas Exchange

 Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues

 Gas Exchange between Tialveoli and Blood

 Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood

 Abnormalities of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio

  SECTION D Gas Transport

 Transport of Oxygen in the Blood

 Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

 Transport of Hydrogen Ions between

   Tissues and Lungs

  SECTION E Regulation of Respiration

 Respiratory Center and Respiratory Rhythm

 Reflex Control of Breathing

 Summary

 Review Questions

 Thought Questions

CHAPTER 6 GASTROINTESTINAL

FUNCTION

 Introduction

 Mouth and Esophagus

 Digestion in Stomach

 Digestion in Small Intestine

 Function of Colon

 Absorption

 Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract

 Summary

 Review Questions

 Thought Questions

CHAPTER 7 ENERGY METABOLISM

AND BODY TEMPERATURE

  SECTION A Energy Metabolism

 Source, Transfer and Storage of Energy

 Energy Utilization by Cells

 Energy Supply in Absorptive and Postabsorptive States

 Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure

  SECTION B Body Temperature Regulation

 Body Temperature

 Heat Production and Heat Loss

 Regulation of the Body Temperature

 Summary

 Review Questions

 Thought Question

CHAPTER 8 THE KIDNEYS AND REG.

ULATION OF WATER AND INORGANIC IONS

  SECTION A Basic Principles of Renal

 Physiology

 Renal Functions

 Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System

 Renal Blood Flow and Its Regulation

 The Urine Formation by The Kidneys

 Concentrated and Diluted Urine by Kidneys

 Regulation of Urine Formation by The Kidneys

 Renal Clearance

 Mieturition

 SECTION B Regulation of Sodium,

 Water, and Potassium Balance

Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water

 Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water

Renal Sodium Regulation

Renal Water Regulation

A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating

Thirst and Salt Appetite

Potassium Regulation

 SECTION C Calcium Regulation

Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis

 SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation

Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss

Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body

Integration of Homeostatic Controls

Renal Mechanisms

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY

 SECTION A Sensory Functions of Nervous System

General Principles

 SECTION B Specific Sensory System

Vision

Hearing

Vestibular System

Somatic Sensation

Chemical Senses

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM

 SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons

Structure and Maintenance of Neurons

Functional Classes of Neurons

 SECTION B Synapses

Functional Anatomy of Synapses

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and Excitation Transmission

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Synaptic Integration

Synaptic Strength

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

 SECTION C Control of Body Movement

Motor Control Hierarchy

Local Control of Motor Neurons

The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control

Muscle Tone

Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance

 SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System

 SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System

States of Consciousness

Learning and Memory

Cerebral Dominance and Language

Motivation and Emotion

Conclusion

Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY

 SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Control Systems

General Introduction

Principles of Hormonal Control Systems

 SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Produced by the Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Controlled by the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibitory Hormones

Disorders of the Hypothalamus

Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary 

Growth Hormone

SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone

Synthesis and Secretion of The Thyroid Hormone

Carriage of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

Summary

Review questions

Thought questions

 CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION

 SECTION A General Terminology and

Concepts; Sex Determination and Differentiation

General Principles of Gametogenesis

Sex Determination

Sex Differentiation

SECTION B Male Reproductive Physiology

Anatomy

Spermatogeuesis

Transport of Sperm

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions

Puberty

SECTION C Female Reproductive Physiology

Anatomy

Ovarian Functions

Control of Ovarian Function

Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle

Androgens in Women

Puberty

Pregnancy

Menopause

Precocious Puberty

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

Appendix 1 English and Metric Units

Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabulary 

Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text