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第1 章计算机基础知识 ·················································································.1 1.1 计算机概述 ·······················································································.1 1.1.1 计算机的诞生 ··········································································.1 1.1.2 计算机的发展阶段 ····································································.2 1.1.3 计算机的特点 ··········································································.3 1.1.4 计算机的应用 ··········································································.4 1.1.5 计算机发展的趋势及面临的挑战 ··················································.5 1.2 计算机中数据的表示与运算 ··································································.7 1.2.1 数据与信息 ·············································································.7 1.2.2 数值数据在计算机中的表示 ························································.7 1.2.3 不同进制数之间的转换 ······························································.8 1.2.4 非数值数据在计算机中的表示 ···················································.11 1.2.5 计算机中数据的存储单位 ·························································.12 1.3 计算机系统组成 ···············································································.12 1.3.1 硬件系统组成及各部分功能 ······················································.13 1.3.2 软件系统组成 ········································································.16 1.4 计算机的基本工作原理 ······································································.17 1.4.1 指令与指令执行过程 ·······························································.17 1.4.2 指令系统 ··············································································.17 1.4.3 操作系统概述 ········································································.18 1.4.4 计算机语言及其处理程序 ·························································.21 1.5 计算机的主要技术指标 ······································································.22 习题1 ··································································································.23 第2 章操作系统 ························································································.26 2.1 操作系统的概念 ···············································································.26 2.1.1 什么是操作系统 ·····································································.26 2.1.2 为什么需要操作系统 ·······························································.26 2.1.3 操作系统的特征 ·····································································.27 2.2 操作系统的类型 ···············································································.27 2.3 操作系统的功能 ···············································································.30 2.3.1 进程管理 ··············································································.31 2.3.2 存储管理 ··············································································.36 2.3.3 文件管理 ··············································································.37 2.3.4 设备管理 ··············································································.40 2.4 操作系统的实例 ···············································································.43 2.4.1 UNIX 操作系统 ······································································.43 2.4.2 Linux 操作系统 ······································································.44 2.4.3 Windows 操作系统 ··································································.45 2.4.4 macOS ·················································································.47 习题2 ··································································································.48 第3 章计算机网络基础和Internet 应用 ···························································.51 3.1 计算机网络的形成与发展 ···································································.51 3.1.1 计算机网络的产生 ··································································.51 3.1.2 计算机网络的发展 ··································································.52 3.1.3 计算机网络的发展趋势 ····························································.52 3.2 计算机网络的功能和应用 ···································································.56 3.2.1 计算机网络的功能 ··································································.56 3.2.2 计算机网络的应用 ··································································.57 3.3 计算机网络的分类 ············································································.59 3.3.1 按网络传输技术分类 ·······························································.59 3.3.2 按网络覆盖范围分类 ·······························································.59 3.3.3 按网络拓扑结构分类 ·······························································.60 3.3.4 其他的网络分类方法 ·······························································.60 3.4 计算机网络的拓扑结构 ······································································.61 3.5 计算机网络的基本组成 ······································································.63 3.5.1 计算机网络的系统组成 ····························································.63 3.5.2 计算机网络的组件 ··································································.65 3.6 传输介质与网络标准化 ······································································.66 3.6.1 有线传输介质 ········································································.66 3.6.2 无线传输介质 ········································································.69 3.6.3 几种传输介质的安全性比较 ······················································.70 3.6.4 计算机网络的标准化 ·······························································.71 3.7 Internet 简介 ····················································································.72 3.7.1 Internet 的基本概念 ·································································.72 3.7.2 Internet 的发展历史 ·································································.73 3.7.3 Internet 在我国的发展 ······························································.74 3.7.4 Internet 的组织与管理 ······························································.75 3.8 Internet 地址 ····················································································.76 3.8.1 IP 地址 ·················································································.77 3.8.2 域名 ····················································································.83 3.8.3 IPv6 ····················································································.84 3.9 Internet 的应用 ·················································································.88 3.9.1 WWW 服务 ···········································································.88 3.9.2 电子邮件 ··············································································.90 3.9.3 FTP 服务 ···············································································.92 3.10 Intranet ·························································································.94 3.10.1 Intranet 的概述 ······································································.94 3.10.2 Intranet 的特点 ······································································.95 3.10.3 Intranet 的应用 ······································································.95 习题3 ··································································································.96 第4 章数据结构与算法基础 ·········································································.98 4.1 算法和算法分析 ···············································································.98 4.1.1 算法的概念 ···········································································.98 4.1.2 算法的特征 ···········································································.98 4.1.3 算法的效率 ···········································································.99 4.2 数据结构的基本概念 ········································································.100 4.3 数据结构的分类及表示 ·····································································.102 4.4 线性结构 ·······················································································.102 4.4.1 线性表 ················································································.102 4.4.2 栈和队列 ·············································································.104 4.4.3 树与二叉树 ··········································································.106 4.4.4 图 ······················································································.108 4.4.5 查找 ···················································································.110 4.4.6 排序 ···················································································.110 习题4 ·································································································.113 第5 章程序设计基础 ·················································································.116 5.1 程序设计方法与风格 ········································································.116 5.2 结构化程序设计 ··············································································.118 5.2.1 结构化程序设计的原则 ···························································.118 5.2.2 结构化程序的基本结构与特点 ··················································.119 5.2.3 结构化程序设计原则和方法的应用 ············································.120 5.3 面向对象的程序设计 ········································································.120 5.3.1 关于面向对象方法 ·································································.120 5.3.2 面向对象方法的基本概念 ························································.123 习题5 ·································································································.127 第6 章软件工程基础 ·················································································.129 6.1 软件工程的基本概念 ········································································.129 6.1.1 软件定义与软件特点 ······························································.129 6.1.2 软件危机与软件工程 ······························································.130 6.1.3 软件过程与软件生命周期 ························································.132 6.1.4 软件工程的目标与原则 ···························································.134 6.1.5 软件开发工具与软件开发环境 ··················································.135 6.2 结构化分析 ····················································································.135 6.2.1 需求分析与需求分析方法 ························································.136 6.2.2 结构化分析方法 ····································································.137 6.2.3 软件需求规格说明 ·································································.141 6.3 结构化设计方法 ··············································································.143 6.3.1 软件设计的基本概念 ······························································.143 6.3.2 概要设计 ·············································································.144 6.3.3 详细设计 ·············································································.150 6.4 软件测试 ·······················································································.154 6.4.1 软件测试的目的和定义 ···························································.154 6.4.2 软件测试的准则 ····································································.155 6.4.3 软件测试方法与技术综述 ························································.155 6.4.4 软件测试的实施 ····································································.163 6.5 程序的调试 ····················································································.167 6.5.1 基本概念 ·············································································.167 6.5.2 软件调试方法 ·······································································.168 习题6 ·································································································.170 第7 章数据库设计基础 ··············································································.172 7.1 数据库系统的基本概念 ·····································································.172 7.1.1 数据、数据库、数据库管理系统 ···············································.172 7.1.2 数据管理技术的发展 ······························································.176 7.1.3 数据库系统的基本特点 ···························································.178 7.1.4 数据库系统的内部结构体系 ·····················································.179 7.2 数据模型 ·······················································································.180 7.2.1 数据模型的基本概念 ······························································.180 7.2.2 概念模型 ·············································································.182 7.2.3 层次模型 ·············································································.184 7.2.4 网状模型 ·············································································.185 7.2.5 关系模型 ·············································································.186 7.3 关系代数 ·······················································································.189 7.4 数据库设计与管理 ···········································································.194 7.4.1 数据库的设计方法 ·································································.194 7.4.2 数据库的设计步骤 ·································································.194 7.4.3 数据库的需求分析 ·································································.195 7.4.4 数据库的概念设计 ·································································.196 7.4.5 数据库的逻辑设计 ·································································.199 7.4.6 数据库的物理设计 ·································································.201 习题7 ·································································································.202 第8 章新一代信息技术 ··············································································.204 8.1 物联网 ··························································································.204 8.1.1 物联网的概述 ·······································································.204 8.1.2 物联网的关键技术 ·································································.205 8.1.3 物联网的应用 ·······································································.206 8.1.4 物联网安全 ··········································································.208 8.2 人工智能 ·······················································································.209 8.2.1 人工智能的概述 ····································································.209 8.2.2 人工智能的发展阶段 ······························································.209 8.2.3 人工智能的应用领域 ······························································.210 8.2.4 人工智能产品 ·······································································.212 8.2.5 人工智能的影响 ····································································.212 8.3 大数据 ··························································································.213 8.3.1 大数据的概述 ·······································································.213 8.3.2 大数据的特点 ·······································································.214 8.3.3 大数据的分析 ·······································································.215 8.3.4 大数据的应用 ·······································································.217 8.3.5 大数据的影响 ·······································································.218 8.4 云计算 ··························································································.219 8.4.1 云计算的概述 ·······································································.219 8.4.2 云计算的特点 ·······································································.220 8.4.3 云计算的交付模型 ·································································.221 8.4.4 云计算的应用 ·······································································.222 8.4.5 云计算的优势与面临的挑战 ·····················································.223 8.5 区块链 ··························································································.224 8.5.1 区块链的概述 ·······································································.224 8.5.2 区块链的特征 ·······································································.225 8.5.3 区块链的核心技术 ·································································.226 8.5.4 区块链的应用领域 ·································································.227 8.5.5 区块链面临的机遇与挑战 ························································.227 习题8 ·································································································.228 附录A ASCII 编码 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