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书名 普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析(英文版)/文学语言研究系列/中国社会科学院文库
分类 人文社科-文化-民族/民俗文化
作者 贾媛
出版社 中国社会科学出版社
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简介
目录

Chapter One Introduction/1

 1.1 Introduction/1

 1.2 Literature review/1

 1.2.1 Intonationalphonology/1

 1.2.2 Prosodic phonology/3

 1.2.2.1 Syntax-phonology mapping/3

 1.2.2.2 Prosodic domains/4

 1.2.2.3 Properties of prosodic structure/5

 1.2.3 Focus/6

 1.2.3.1 Focus from three different angles/7

 1.2.3.2 Focus in phonetic approach/8

 1.2.3.3 Focus in phonological approach/l0

 1.3 Significance oftheresearch/14

 1.4 Basic concepts in this study/16

 1.4.1 Definition of focus/16

 1.4.2 Nuclear accent and pre-nuclear accent/19

 1.4.3 Relative prominence/20

 1.50utlineofthisresearch/20

Chapter Two Methodology I 23

 2.1 Background and claims/23

 2.2 Design of acoustic experiment/24

 2.2.1 Materials selection/24

 2.2.2 Syntactic structure of target sentence/25

 2.2.2.1 Unmarked structure/25

 2.2.2.2 Lian...dou structure/27

 2.2.2.3 Shi...de structure/28

 2.2.3 Focus identification/29

 2.2.3.1 Focus in unmarked structure/29

 2.2.3.2 Focus conditions in the lian...dou structure/34

 2.2.3.3 Focus conditions in the shi...de structure/38

 2.3 Recording procedure/40

 2.4 Data processing/41

 2.4.1 Data annotation/41

 2.4.2 Data extraction/42

 2.5 Measurement of parameters/42

 2.5.1 Measurement of Fo/42

 2.5.2 Measurement of Duration/43

 2.6 Perceptual experiment/43

 2.6.1 Aim of the perceptual experiment/43

 2.6.2 Stimuli selection/44

 2.6.3 Procedure/46

Chapter Three Phonetic Realization of Accent Patterns in Unmarked Structure/48

 3.1 Introduction/48

 3.2 Phonetic realization of constituents in four information categories in unmarked structure/51

 3.2.1 F0 contour oftonel utterances in four information categories/52

 3.2.1.1 Overall Fo contour/53

 3.2.1.2 Statistical analysis/56

 3.2.2 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in four information categories/58

 3.2.2.1 Overall Fo contour/59

 3.2.2.2 Statistical analysis/61

 3.2.3 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in four information categories/63

 3.2.3.1 Overall Fo contour/64

 3.2.3.2 Statistical analysis/65

 3.2.4 Durational patterns of constituents in four information categories/66

 3.2.4.1 Duration of subject constituents/68

 3.2.4.2 Duration of object constituents/70

 3.2.5 Summary/72

 3.3 Phonetic realization of double rheme focuses/73

 3.3.1 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in double rheme focuses/73

 3.3.2 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in double rheme focuses/77

 3.3.3 Duration patterns of wordsin double rheme focuses/79

 3.3.3.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/79

 3.3.3.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/81

 3.3.4 Summary/83

 3.4 Phonetic realization of multiple rheme focuses/84

 3.4.1 F0 patterns ofrheme focus on "S+Ad+O" and "S+V+O"/86

 3.4.2 F0 pattems ofrheme focus on "Ad+V+O"and"S+Ad+V"/88

 3.4.3 Summary/90

 3.5 Accent andphrasing/90

 3.5.1 Duration of pauses/90

 3.5.2 Lengthening/93

 3.5.3 Prosodic labeling/94

 3.6 Discussion / 95

Chapter Four Accent Patterns in 'lian...dou' and 'shi...de'Constructions/97

 4.1 Introduction / 97

 4.2 Co-existences and conflicts of syntax-marked focus

 and information induced focus in 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le'and 'Shi+S+V+O+De' constructions I 103

 4.2.1 Phonetic realization of syntax-marked focus/104

 4.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour of syntax-marked focus/105

 4.2.1.2 Durational lengthening of syntax-marked focus/111

 4.2.1.3 Summary/113

 4.2.2 Addition of the syntax-marked focus with the theme focus on the same constituent/114

 4.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour of additive focus/116

 4.2.2.2 Durational lengthening induced by additive focus/120

 4.2.2.3 Summary/121

 4.2.3 Co-existence of two different kinds of focuses on different constituents/122

 4.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour of two different kinds of focuses/123

 4.2.3.2 Durational lengthening of two different kinds of focuses/127

 4.2.3.3 Summary/131

 4.2.4 Interaction of addition of syntax-marked focus and rheme focus with rheme focus/131

 4.2.4.1 Overall Fo patterns/133

 4.2.4.2 Duration patterns/136

 4.2.4.3 Summary/139

 4.2.5 Prosodic phrasing of the 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le' construction/140

 4.2.5.1 Durational distribution of pauses/141

 4.2.5.2 Lengthening/141

 4.2.5.3 Prosodic boundary labeling/143

 4.2.5.4 Summary/144

 4.3 Co-existence and conflict of syntax-marked focus and induced focus in 'S+l~V+le' constructions/144

 4.3.1 Fo contour of rhematic focus constituent after lian-marked focus/146

 4.3.2 F0 contour of rhematic focus constituent before lian-marked focus/148

 4.3.3 Fo contour of rhematic focus and addition of lian-marked focus and rhematic focus in one sentence/150

 4.3.4 Mean duration among the words in various focus conditions/151

 4.3.4.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/151

 4.3.4.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/153

 4.3.5 Summary/155

 4.4 Discussion/155

Chapter Five Phonological Representation of Accent Patterns in SC/158

 5.1 Introduction/158

 5.2 Phonological structure of intonation/162

 5.2.1 The IPO theory of intonational structure/163

 5.2.1.1 Basic assumptions of IPO/163

 5.2.1.2 Phonetic realization/164

 5.2.2 Pierrehumbert's model of tonal structure/164

 5.2.2.1 The original model/165

 5.2.2.2 Pitch accents/165

 5.2.2.3 Phrase accents/166

 5.2.2.4 Boundary tones/166

 5.2.2.5 Framework/166

 5.2.2.6 Modifications to the original framework/167

 5.2.3 ToBI labeling system/168

 5.2.3.1 Tiers inToBI/168

 5.2.3.2 Accent inventory in ToBI/169

 5.2.4 IViE labeling system/170

 5.2.4.1 Tiers inlViE/170

 5.2.4.2 Accent inventory in IViE/171

 5.2.5 Ladd's notation of tonal structure/172

 5.2.5.1 Types of pitch accents/173

 5.2.5.2 Post-nuclear accents/174

 5.2.6 Gussenhoven's representation of tonal structure/175

 5.2.6.1 Nuclear contours and boundary tones/176

 5.2.6.2 Pre-nuclear pitch accents/176

 5.2.6.3 Onsets/177

 5.2.6.4 Expanding the tonal grammar/178

 5.3 Intonation structure of SC/179

 5.3.1 Autosegmetal representation of tone/180

 5.3.2 Phonological pattern of intonation structure in SC/182

 5.3.2.1 Types of phonological events/182

 5.3.2.2 Phonological pattern of accents/187

 5.3.3 Hierarchical structure of accents/187

 5.3.4 Underlying causes for restricting the distribution of accents/189

 5.3.4.1 Focus without accents/190

 5.3.4.2 Accents without focus/190

 5.3.4.3 A metrical account of accent distribution/191

 5.4 Discussion/193

Chapter Six OTAnalysis of Tonal Structure/194

 6.1 Introduction/194

 6.2 Grammatical model of OT/195

 6.3 Constraints in the analysis/196

 6.3.1 Markedness constraints/196

 6.3.2 Faithfulness constraints/197

 6.3.3 Association constraints/197

 6.3.4 Alignment constraints/198

 6.4 OT analysis of accent patterns/198

 6.4.1 GenerationofH* tone/199

 6.4.2 Generation of L* tone/200

 6.4.3 Generation of LH* tone/202

 6.4.4 Generation of H*L tone/203

 6.5 OT analysis of accent distributions/205

 6.5.1 Accent on subject position/205

 6.5.2 Accent on object position/207

 6.5.3 Accents on subject and object positions/208

 6.6 OT analysisofprosodicphrasing/210

 6.7 Discussion/211

Chapter Seven Concluding Remarks/213

 7.1 Major findings/213

 7.2 The cross-linguisticperspective/216

 7.3 Suggestions for future research/218

Bibliography/220

Appendix Sample Sentences/233

内容推荐

贾媛编著的《普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析(英文版)》主要考察普通话语调结构、韵律结构以及焦点的关系,主要研究普通话不同类别以及不同数量焦点的韵律特征。内容主要涉及三个方面:(1)焦点成分的声学特征,如疑问词引导的(主位和述位)焦点、句法标记的焦点以及两类焦点的交互作用在韵律上的表现;(2)由不同类别和数量焦点所传达的重音的层级和音系表征;f3)焦点和重音对应关系的理论解释。根据研究的目的,本研究采用Pierrehumbert、Ladd、Grice、Gussenhoven等人提出的语调音系学理论,Selkirk,Nespor和Ladd等人提出的韵律层级理论,以及有关语调的优选论分析模式(见Gussenhoven 2005,Yip 2002),来解释普通话的焦点的分布问题、焦点和重音的对应关系问题,以及普通话的语调音系表征模式。本研究遵循实验室音系学研究思路,将实验数据与理论分析相结合,在实验数据的基础上概括普通话的音系范畴特征。

本研究所采用的实验句子均为陈述句,实验用句根据研究目的的不同,包括单焦点句(疑问词引导的焦点或者句法标记的焦点,如“连”标记或“是”标记的焦点)、双焦点句(包括疑问词引导的主位焦点和述位焦点,双述位焦点以及句法标记焦点和述位焦点)、多焦点句(多个疑问词引导的述位焦点),以考察普通话中不同数量和不同类别的焦点句,对短语层面突显,韵律切分以及语调模式影响,为跨语言的焦点句的研究提供有力证据。

《普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析(英文版)》以音高和时长为参数,考察由上述焦点类型所体现的不同类别的重音模式。在分析焦点成分的声学特征时,将每个音节的音高目标值H或L特征作为分析的基本单元。本研究指出:(1)在单焦点情况下,无论焦点成分为疑问焦点或者句法标记焦点(“是”或“连”标记的焦点),重音与焦点是一一对应的关系。以音高为参数,句法标记的焦点与疑问词引导的焦点的语音特征类似,其将焦点成分的音高音域显著抬高而将焦点后成分的音高显著压低。焦点成分的声调组合对重音实现的方式有重要的影响,如重音可将焦点成分的H和L调显著抬高,而以H调为声学特征主要体现位置,但焦点成分的声调组合不影响重音的分布。以时长为参数,不同类别的焦点都对时长有显著的拉长作用,但疑问词引导的焦点的作用比句法标记要显著;(2)在无句法标记结构中,在双焦点情况下,由焦点所传达的重音有层级差异。在无句法标记结构中,主要发现包括以下几个方面:①不用层级的焦点可以由不同层级的重音来体现,如由疑问词引导的焦点主位焦点和述位焦点,由于述位焦点的层级高于主位焦点,所传达的重音层级也以述位焦点为主重音;②相同层级的疑问焦点引导的述位焦点,重音的层级也不相同;③双焦点对焦点之间成分的音高无压低作用;④在多个疑问词引导的焦点,焦点与重音不是一一对应的关系,只有最右位置的焦点可以实现为重音;⑤在本研究中,采用核心重音和核心前重音来解释重音的层级问题,核心重音是重音成分中主要的、非选择性成分,而核心前重音则是次要的、选择性的成分;⑥疑问词引导的焦点对韵律切分也有影响,可以将普通话语调切分为中间短语。(3)在有句法标记的结构中,双焦点情况下,根据疑问词和句法标记焦点成分的组合关系主要发现有以下几点:①疑问焦点和句法标记焦点分布于同一成分时,可以实现为核心重音,对焦点下成分的音高抬高和时长的拉长作用比单焦点更显著,对后接成分的音高压低也更显著;②疑问焦点和句法标记的焦点可以分布于句子的不同成分上,当句法标记焦点(“连”标记焦点)位于疑问焦点之前,句法标记焦点和疑问焦点分别实现为核心前重音和核心重音,前者音高和时长变化比后者幅度小。当句法标记焦点位于疑问焦点之后,句法标记焦点则失去重读,只有疑问焦点实现为核心重音。

根据实验结果以及以往语调音系研究,本研究进一步提出了具有语言学意义的普通话语调音系表征模式。该语调模式主要描述普通话字调层面以上的语调变化模式,主要包括四类音系事件:核心重音,核心前重音,调头和边界调。其中核心重音和边界调是非选择性成分,而核心前重音和调头则是选择性成分。音系事件的语音实现是以H和L调的描述为基础的,语调的模式是以局部的音系事件为基础,按照线性的序列组合而成。核心重音和核心前重音的内在特征不同,核心重音具有唯一性特征,核心重音实现是无标记的,而核心前重音的出现却是有标记的,在普通话中只出现在双焦点情况下。在上述焦点语音实现的描述中,多焦点情况下只有一个重音出现,而在有句法标记情况下,也可以失去重音。因此,在普通话中,有焦点的位置未必由重音来表征。根据以上分析,本研究提出制约表层核心重音实现的底层原因,即节律上相对的“轻—重”关系,节律上相对“重”的成分获得核心重音,节律上相对“轻”的成分则根据焦点环境失去重音或者实现为核心前重音,如在单焦点环境下,节律结构为“重—轻”,因此,焦点位置实现为核心重音,而焦点后成分则失去重音;在双焦点以及多焦点环境下,节律结构为“轻—重”,在双焦点情况下,实现为核心前重音和核心重音,而在多焦点情况下,只有最右位置焦点实现为核心重音。

在优选论的框架下,采用普遍性的制约条件等级排列,来解释从焦点到重音的实现过程,共分为三个步骤:表层重音类型的生成包括:H*,L*,LH*或者H*L;重音的连接位置以及韵律切分位置。

编辑推荐

贾媛编著的《普通话焦点的语音实现和音系分析(英文版)》通过考察普通话不同类别和不同数量焦点的语音实现特征,揭示普通话重音的层级性差异和不对应性特征。采用音系学理论(语调音系学和优选论),对普通话的重音类型进行描述,并对普通话焦点和重音的关系以及制约重音分布的底层原因等问题进行系统的阐述和解释。

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