结合留学生特点，以培养留学生基本的动手能力与调节技能为起点、培养其实验设计能力与分析解决问题能力为目标，以开放式实验教学为手段，促进留学生科学实验素质和创新意识的培养。教材内容以现有实验条件为依托，将教师的部分研究成果和部分现代实验技术融入教材内容体系，构成涵盖有力学、热学、电磁、光学及近代等实验项目的教材内容体系，同时结合留学生特点，采用层次化、递进式的编排方式，按照基础与综合性-设计与创意性两大板块顺序展开。

Contents
Part I Theory of Errors and Data Processing Methods
1 Measurement and Error 3
2 Estimation of Measurement Error and Expression of the Result 9
3 Error Estimation for Direct Measurement 13
4 Error Estimation for Indirect Measurement 16
5 Significant Figures and Their Calculations 21
6 Commonly Used Data Processing Methods 26
7 Questions 37
Part II Fundamental and Comprehensive Experiments
Exp. 1 Forward Characteristics of pn Junction Diode 41
1.1 Objective 41
1.2 Apparatus 41
1.3 Principle 42
1.3.1 pn junction 42
1.3.2 Forward characteristics of a pn junction 44
1.3.3 Temperature characteristics of a pn junction 45
1.3.4 Methods for deducing empirical function and calculating parameters of the temperature sensor 46
1.4 Apparatus depiction 47
1.5 Procedure 49
1.6 Data processing 51
1.6.1 Data processing based on the data in Tab. 1.1 51
1.6.2 Data processing based on the data in Tab. 1.2 51
1.7 Attentions 51
1.8 Questions 52
Exp. 2 Magnetoresistance Effect 53
2.1 Objective 53
2.2 Apparatus 54
2.3 Principle 54
2.4 Apparatus depiction 56
2.5 Procedure 58
2.6 Data processing 59
2.7 Attentions 60
2.8 Questions 61
Exp. 3 Study of Forced Oscillations with Pohl Resonator 62
3.1 Objective 62
3.2 Apparatus 63
3.3 Principle 63
3.4 Apparatus depiction 65
3.5 Procedure 67
3.5.1 Free oscillations 67
3.5.2 Damped oscillations 68
3.5.3 Forced oscillations 69
3.6 Data processing 69
3.7 Attentions 71
3.8 Questions 71
Exp. 4 Thermal Conductivity Measurement of a Rubber Disk by Steady-State Method 72
4.1 Objective 72
4.2 Apparatus 72
4.3 Principle 72
4.3.1 Thermal conductivity 72
4.3.2 Thermal conductivities of different substances 74
4.3.3 Principle of thermocouples 75
4.3.4 Principle of TC-3A thermal conductivity measurement instrument 76
4.4 Procedure 78
4.4.1 Preparation 78
4.4.2 Record the thermal equilibrium temperatures and 78
4.4.3 Measure the cooling temperature versus time for the lower brass disk 78
4.5 Data processing 79
4.6 Attentions 79
4.7 Questions 80
Exp. 5 Usage of an Oscilloscope 81
5.1 Objective 81
5.2 Apparatus 81
5.3 Principle 82
5.3.1 Main structure of an oscilloscope 82
5.3.2 Operation principle of an oscilloscope 85
5.3.3 Measurement of the amplitude and period (or frequency) of a periodic voltage 88
5.3.4 Lissajous figures 88
5.4 Procedure 89
5.4.1 Observation of sinusoidal voltage signals 89
5.4.2 Observe the waveform of signals from the rectifying and filtering circuit 90
5.4.3 Observe Lissajous figures 91
5.5 Attentions 92
5.6 Questions 92
Exp. 6 Measurement of Magnetic Field Based on Hall Effect 93
6.1 Objective 93
6.2 Apparatus 93
6.3 Principle 93
6.3.1 Hall effect and the measurement of magnetic induction intensity 93
6.3.2 Elimination of side effects 95
6.3.3 Theoretical basis of magnetic field generation by electrified solenoids and Helmholtz coils 96
6.4 Apparatus depiction 97
6.5 Procedure 99
6.6 Data processing 100
6.7 Questions 102
Exp. 7 Determination of Moment of Inertia of Rigid Bodies 103
7.1 Objective 103
7.2 Apparatus 103
7.3 Principle 104
7.3.1 Apparatus depiction 104
7.3.2 Principle for measuring the moment of inertia 105
7.3.3 Parallel-axis theorem 108
7.4 Procedure 108
7.4.1 Preparation 108
7.4.2 Measure the moment of inertia J0 of the empty rotational system 109
7.4.3 Measure the moment of inertia of the rotational system with an aluminum ring 109
7.4.4 Validation of the parallel-axis theorem 109
7.5 Data processing 110
7.5.1 Calculation of the moment of inertia of the aluminum ring 110
7.5.2 Verification of the parallel-axis theorem 110
7.6 Attentions 111
7.7 Questions 111
Exp. 8 Standing Wave on a String 112
8.1 Objective 112
8.2 Apparatus 112
8.3 Principle 113
8.3.1 Mathematical analysis of standing wave on a string 113
8.3.2 Principle of the instrument for string vibration 116
8.3.3 Application in musical instruments 117
8.4 Procedure 118
8.4.1 Preparation 118
8.4.2 Measure the resonant frequencies with 2 antinodes between two wedges 118
8.4.3 Measure the resonant frequencies with 3 antinodes between two wedges 119
8.5 Data processing 119
8.6 Attentions 120
8.7 Questions 121
Exp. 9 Diffraction Grating 122
9.1 Objective 122
9.2 Apparatus 123
9.3 Principle 123
9.3.1 Grating equation 123
9.3.2 Two important parameters 124
9.4 Procedure 125
9.4.1 Adjustment of spectrometer 125
9.4.2 Adjustment of the orientation of grating 125
9.4.3 Measure the grating constant 125
9.4.4 Measure the wavelength of blue spectral lines 126
9.5 Data processing 126
9.6 Attentions 127
9.7 Questions 127
Appendix: spectrometer alignment procedure 127
Exp. 10 Holography 131
10.1 Objective 131
10.2 Apparatus 132
10.3 Principle 132
10.3.1 Holographic recording 132
10.3.2 Reconstruction of holograph 133
10.3.3 The requirements for the holographic system 134
10.4 Procedure 135
10.4.1 Take a diffusive reflection holograph 135
10.4.2 Holographic reconstruction 136
10.5 Attentions 136
10.6 Questions 136
Exp. 11 Michelson Interferometer 137
11.1 Objective 137
11.2 Apparatus 137
11.3 Principle 137
11.3.1 Main structure of Michelson interferometer 137
11.3.2 Principle of the measurement of He-Ne laser wavelength 138
11.3.3 Principle of the measurement of the wavelength difference of sodium D-lines 140
11.4 Procedure 141
11.4.1 Measurement of the wavelength of He-Ne laser 141
11.4.2 Measurement of the difference of wavelengths between two sodium D-lines 142
11.5 Data processing 142
11.5.1 Measurement of the wavelength of He-Ne laser 142
11.5.2 Measurement of the difference of wavelengths of the sodium D-lines 143
11.6 Attentions 143
11.7 Questions 143
Exp. 12 Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 144
12.1 Objective 144
12.2 Apparatus 145
12.3 Principle 145
12.3.1 Energy levels and spectral lines of the hydrogen atom 145
12.3.2 Principle for determining the Rydberg constant 146
12.4 Procedure 147
12.5 Data processing 148
12.6 Attentions 149
12.7 Questions 149
Exp. 13 AC Bridge Circuits 150
13.1 Objective 150
13.2 Apparatus 150
13.3 Principle 150
13.3.1 Balance condition for a Wheatstone bridge 150
13.3.2 Capacitor bridge 152
13.3.3 Inductor bridge 154
13.3.4 Resistor bridge 156
13.4 Apparatus depiction 156
13.5 Procedure 158
13.5.1 Measure the resistance of a resistor 158
13.5.2 Measure the capacitance of a capacitor 159
13.5.3 Measure the inductance of an inductor 159
13.6 Data processing 160
13.7 Attentions 161
13.8 Questions 161
Exp. 14 Measurement of the Speed of Ultrasound 162
14.1 Objective 162
14.2 Apparatus 162
14.3 Principle 163
14.3.1 Theoretical speed of sound in the air 163
14.3.2 Piezoelectric ceramic transducer 164
14.3.3 Measurement principle with the wave method 164
14.3.4 Measurement principle with the travelling time difference method 165
14.4 Apparatus depiction 166
14.5 Procedure 167
14.5.1 Measure the sound speed with the wave method 167
14.5.2 Measure the sound speed with the travelling time difference method 167
14.6 Data processing 168
14.7 Attentions 169
14.8 Questions 169
Exp. 15 Photoelectric Effect 170
15.1 Objective 170
15.2 Apparatus 170
15.3 Principle 170
15.4 Apparatus depiction 174
15.5 Procedure 175
15.5.1 Preparation 175
15.5.2 Measure the Planck constant h 175
15.5.3 Measurement of the volt-ampere characteristics 175
15.5.4 Verify the first law of photoelectric effect 176
15.6 Data processing 176
15.7 Attentions 177
15.8 Questions 177
Exp.16 Newton’s Rings 178
16.1 Objective 178
16.2 Apparatus 178
16.3 Principle 178
16.4 Procedure 180
16.4.1 Find Newton’s rings in the field of microscope 180
16.4.2 Measure the diameters of the interference rings 181
16.5 Data processing 181
16.6 Attentions 182
16.7 Questions 182
Appendix: about the travelling microscope and micrometers 182
Exp. 17 Optical Rotation 184
17.1 Objective 184
17.2 Apparatus 184
17.3 Principle 184
17.3.1 Natural light and polarized light 184
17.3.2 Optically active substance 185
17.3.3 Optical rotation angle 185
17.4 Apparatus depiction 185
17.5 Procedure 188
17.6 Data processing 189
17.7 Attentions 189
17.8 Questions 189
Exp. 18 Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment 190
18.1 Objective 191
18.2 Apparatus 191
18.3 Principle 191
18.3.1 Dynamic method 191
18.3.2 Equilibrium method 194
18.3.3 Measurement of elementary electrical charge 194
18.4 Apparatus depiction 195
18.5 Procedure 197
18.5.1 Pre-adjustment of the apparatus 197
18.5.2 Choose suitable oil drops and practice to control them 198
18.5.3 Procedures for equilibrium method 200
18.5.4 Procedures for dynamic method (optional) 201
18.6 Data processing 202
18.7 Attentions 202
18.8 Questions 203
Exp. 19 Franck-Hertz Experiment 204
19.1 Objective 204
19.2 Apparatus 205
19.3 Principle 205
19.3.1 Key points of Bohr’s theory and the excitation potential of an atom 205
19.3.2 The basic principles of Franck-Hertz experiment 206
19.4 Apparatus depiction 208
19.5 Procedure 209
19.5.1 Manual measurement 209
19.5.2 Automatic measurement 209
19.6 Data processing 211
19.7 Attentions 211
19.8 Questions 212
Part Ⅲ Designing and Creative Experiments
Exp. 20 Determination of the Relationship between Sound Speed and Temperature in Water 215
20.1 Objective 215
20.2 Apparatus 215
20.3 Requirements 215
20.4 Questions 215
20.5 References 216
Exp. 21 Determination of Resonant Frequency on a String with Standing Wave Method 217
21.1 Objective 217
21.2 Apparatus 217
21.3 Requirements 217
21.4 Hints 217
21.5 Questions 218
21.6 References 219
Exp. 22 Measurement of the Rotational Inertia of a Rigid Body with Graphing Method 220
22.1 Objective 220
22.2 Apparatus 220
22.3 Requirements 220
22.4 Hints 221
22.5 Questions 221
22.6 References 221
Exp. 23 Capacity Measurement by Using Oscilloscope 222
23.1 Objective 222
23.2 Apparatus 222
23.3 Requirements 222
23.4 Hints 222
23.5 Questions 223
23.6 References 224
Exp. 24 Measurement of Winding Number of Electrified Coils 225
24.1 Objective 225
24.2 Apparatus 225
24.3 Requirements 225
24.4 Hints 225
24.5 Questions 225
24.6 References 226
Exp. 25 Extensive Study of the Helmholtz Coils 227
25.1 Objective 227
25.2 Apparatus 227
25.3 Hints 227
25.4 Requirements 228
25.5 Questions 228
25.6 References 228
Exp. 26 Diameter Measurement of a Filament by Using Wedge Interference 229
26.1 Objective 229
26.2 Apparatus 229
26.3 Requirements 229
26.4 Questions 229
26.5 References 230
Exp. 27 Determination of the Refractive Index of Prism Material Using Spectrometer 231
27.1 Objective 231
27.2 Apparatus 231
27.3 Requirements 231
27.4 Hints 231
27.5 Questions 232
27.6 References 232
Exp. 28 Making of a Transmission Grating Using Holography 233
28.1 Objective 233
28.2 Apparatus 233
28.3 Requirements 233
28.4 Hints 233
28.5 Questions 234
28.6 References 234
Exp. 29 Expansion of the Depth of Field in Holography 235
29.1 Objective 235
29.2 Apparatus 235
29.3 Requirements 235
29.4 Hints 236
29.5 Questions 236
29.6 References 236
Exp. 30 Thin Films Preparation and Their Surface Topography Characterization with AFM 237
30.1 Objective 237
30.2 Apparatus 237
30.3 Requirements 238
30.4 Hints 238
30.4.1 The principle of AFM 238
30.4.2 The procedure for film preparation with sol-gel method 239
30.5 Questions 240
30.6 References 240
Exp. 31 Measurement of Profile Errors of Optical Flat Surfaces with Phase Shift Interferometry 241
31.1 Objective 241
31.2 Apparatus 241
31.3 Requirements 241
31.4 Hints 242
31.5 References 243