英语被动结构是英语语法中一个很好很重要的部分，也是二语习得教学中的一个难点。近些年来，靠前外学者从不同的角度对英语被动结构进行了研究，如结构主义、生成语法、认知语法等。英语被动结构的习得也引起了越来越多的关注，但目前的关注点主要集中在错误分析方面，其它方面的研究较少见到。因此，本书基于前人的相关研究，选取中国以英语为外语的学习者作为受试，通过语言测试的手段收集相关的语料，对中国大学生的英语被动结构的习得顺序进行了实证研究。研究主要包括三个方面：基于英汉句子翻译的学习者英语被动结构的主观习得顺序和客观习得顺序、主观习得阶段和可观习的阶段；基于写作的学习者英语被动结构的主观习得顺序和客观习得等级、主观习得阶段和可观习的等级；综合的英语被动结构习得序列。结果发现不管是主观还是客观顺序、等级；不管是翻译还是写作，学习者都大致遵循着相似的顺序。

张华，汉族，毕业于韩国江原国立大学英语英文学科，获文学博士学位，现为山东师范大学外国语学院英语专任教师，主要是从事二语习得、英语语言学以及应用语言学相关方面的研究。在靠前外公开发行的期刊上发表论文十余篇，主持和参与省市级课题近十项。

List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Motivations and Purposes of the Study
1.1.1 Motivations of the Study
1.1.2 Purposes of the Study
1.2 Previous Studies on English Passive Voice in SLA
1.2.1 Studies on Acquisition of Passive Constructions
1.2.2 Studies on Contrastive Analysis of Passive Constructions
1.2.3 Studies on Classification of Passive Constructions
1.2.4 Limitations of Previous Studies of Passive Constructions
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.3.1 Theoretical Significance
1.3.2 Practical Significance
1.4 Theoretical Framework of the Study
1.4.1 Second Language Acquisition
1.4.2 Universal Cognitive Rules of Language Acquisition
1.4.3 Cognitive Linguistic Theories
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Definitions of Some Terms Used in this Book
1.7 Outline of the Book
Chapter 2 Literature Review of Related SLA Theories
2.1 Overview of Development in SLA
2.1.1 Contrastive Analysis
2.1.2 Error Analysis
2.1.3 Interlanguage
2.2 Formal Classroom Instruction and Second Language Acquisition
2.2.1 Learnability Theory and Language Learning
2.2.2 Necessity of Grammar Teacmng in SLA
2.2.3 Formal Instruction and Learning Process in SLA
2.3 Literature Review of Related Theories of Acquisition Order and Sequence
2.3.1 Acquisition Order Studies of Morphemes
2.3.2 Acquisition Sequence of Particular Morphemes and Structures
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework of English Passives
3.1 Notion of Voice and English Voice
3.1.1 Definition of Voice
3.1.2 Problems Concerning Definitions of Voice
3.1.3 Definition of Voice Adopted in this Book
3.1.4 Classification of English Voice
3.1.5 Active-Passive Correspondence
3.2 Reasons for Use of Passive Voice
3.3 Constraints of English Passive Constructions
3.3.1 Agent Constraints
3.3.2 Object Constraints
3.3.3 Meaning Constraints
3.3.4 Verb Constraints
3.4 Classifications of English Passive Voice
3.4.1 Ciews about Classifications of Passive Constructions in English
3.4.2 Classification of Passive Constructions Adopted in this Book
Chapter 4 Semantic Structure and Cognitive Features of English Passive Constructions
4.1 Semantic Structure of Passive Constructions
4.1.1 Transitivity Features of Verbs in Passive Constructions
4.1.2 Semantic Featurcs of Agents in Passive Construcdons
4.1.3 Semantic Features of Patients in Passive Constructions
4.1.4 Mutual Interactions among Semantic Features of Passive Constructions
4.1.5 Summary
4.2 Cognitive Features of Passive Constructions
4.2.1 Principle of Iconicicy
4.2.2 Prototypicality Hierarchy of English Passive Constructions
Chapter 5 Research Design and Methodology
5.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses
5.1.1 Research Questions
5.1.2 Research Hypotheses
5.2 Research Design
5.2.1 Subjects
5.2.2 Combination of Quancitative and Qualitative Approaches
5.2.3 Data Elicitation Methods
5.3 Reliability Analysis of the Translation Task and Difficulty Evaluation Test
5.4 Procedures
5.4.1 Testing procedure
5.4.2 Determining Norms and Criteria Procedure
5.4.3 Data Collection Procedure
5.5 Summary
Chapter 6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Objective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy of English Passive Constructions
6.1.1 Results of Chinese-English Translation
6.1.2 Objective Acquisition Order
6.1.3 Objective Acquisition Hierarchy
6.2 Subjective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy of English Passive Constructions
6.2.1 Results of Difficulty Evaluation Test
6.2.2 Subjective Acquisition Order
6.2.3 Subjective Acquisition Hierarchy
6.3 Consistency of Subjective and Objective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy of Enghsh Passives
6.3.1 Consistency of Subjective and Objective Acquisition Orders
6.3.2 Degree of Agreement Test between Accuracy Orders and Difficulty Orders
6.3.3 Consistency of Subjective and Objective Acquisition Hierarchy
6.4 Frequency of English Passive Constructions and Its Relations with Acquisition Order
6.4.1 Results
6.4.2 Frequency Order and Acquisition Order Obtained
6.4.3 Final Objective Acquisition Order and Hierarchy in this Study
6.4.4 Consistency between Predicative Acquisition Order and Orders Obtained from Other Measurements
6.5 Acquisition Sequences of Eight Types of English Passives
6.5.1 Theorecical Foundation and Objectives of Error Analysis
6.5.2 Error Types of English Passive Forms
6.5.3 Acquisition Sequences of Eight Types of English Passives
6.6 Acquisition Determinants of English Passives
6.6.1 Resetting Hypothesis in Universal Grammar
6.6.2 Influence of Cognitive Difficulty on Acquisition Order
6.6.3 Influence of Frequency of Use on Acquisition
6.6.4 Influence of Language Markedness and Prototypicality on Acquisition
6.6.5 Influence of Language Transfer on Acquisition
6.6.6 Summary
Chapter 7 Conclusions
7.1 Main Findings of the Study
7.2 Systematic Variability of Natural Acquisition Order
7.3 Implications of the Study
7.4 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
7.5 Summary
Appendix Ⅰ Chinese-English Translation
Appendix Ⅱ Writing Task
Appendix Ⅲ English Proficiency Test
References