Scientists and managers alike need timely, cost-effective, and technically appropriate fire-related information to develop functional strategies for the diverse fire communities. Remote Sensing and Modeling Applications to Wildland Fires addresses wildtand fire management needs by presenting discussions that link ecology and the physical sciences from local to regional levels, views on integrated decision support data for policy and decision makers, new technologies and techniques, and future challenges and how remote sensing might help to address them. While creating awareness of wildland fire management and rehabilitation issues, hands-on experience in applying remote sensing and simulation modeling is also shared.This book will be a useful reference work for researchers, practitioners andgraduate students in the fields of fire science, remote sensing and modeling applications.

1 introduction to remote sensing and modeling applications to

wildland fires

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2 wildland fire and eastern states diversity

2.1 introduction

2.2 the eastern united states

2.3 eastern united states diversity

2.4 a fire information strategy for the eastern states

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demographic trends in the eastern us and the wildland urban

interface: implications for fire management

3.1 introduction

3.2 demographics

3.3 the wildland urban interface

3.3.1 georgia case study

3.4 implications for managers

3.5 conclusion

acknowledgements

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.4 an overview of noaa's fire weather, climate, and air qualityforecast services

4.1 nws fire weather

4.2 products and services

4.3 making optimal use of nws technology

4.3.1 digital services

4.4 nws climate services

4.4.1 product improvements

4.5 national air quality forecasting

4.5.1 planned capabilities

4.6 summary

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5 a review of wildland fire and air quality management

5.1 introduction

5.1.1 smoke contributes to air pollution

5.2 regulatory considerations relating to smoke

5.2.1 regional haze rule

5.2.2 national ambient air quality standards for pm

5.2.3 managing smoke from wildfire

5.3 a review of the taset report--tools available to manage smoke

5.4 smoke management--programs and systems

5.4.1 plan

5.4.2 do (implement)

5.4.3 check (evaluate)

5.4.4 act (improve)

5.5 summary

acknowledgements

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6 high-resolution numerical models for smoke transport in plumes from wildland fires

6.1 introduction

6.2 numerical model

6.3 dynamical properties of simulated plumes

6.3.1 mean plume trajectories

6.3.2 mean plume structure

6.3.3 turbulent kinetic energy (tke)

6.4 summary and conclusions

acknowledgements

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7 interaction between a wildfire and the sea-breeze front

7.1 introduction

7.1.1 sea-breeze structure and characteristics

7.1.2 radar observations of smoke plumes and the sea-breeze

7.1.3 effect of sea-breezes on fires

7.1.4 east fork fire

7.2 data and methodology

7.2.1 case study

7.2.2 idealized numerical simulations

7.3 case study analysis

7.4 numerical simulations

7.5 summary and conclusions

acknowledgments

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8 prescribed fire and air quality in the american south: a review of conflicting interests and a technique for incorporating the land manager into regional air quality modeling

8.1 introduction

8.2 conflicts over the airshed of the american south

8.3 daysmoke

8.4 shrmc-4s

8.5 application

8.5.1 burn

8.5.2 daysmoke simulation

8.5.3 cmaq simulation

8.6 summary and discussion

acknowledgements

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9 estimates of wildland fire emissions

9.1 introduction

9.2 fire emission calculation

9.2.1 measurements

9.2.2 empirical relations

9.2.3 modeling

9.2.4 remote sensing

9.3 u.s. fire emissions

9.3.1 parameter specifications

9.3.2 spatial distribution

9.3.3 seasonal distribution

9.4 uncertainties

9.5 summary and perspective

acknowledgements

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10 integrating remote sensing and surface weather data to monitor vegetation phenology

10.1 introduction

10.2 methods

10.2.1 system introduction

10.2.2 surface weather-based phenology monitoring system

10.3 satellite-derived vegetation index data

10.3.1 avhrr normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi)

10.3.2 point retrieval interface

10.3.3 phenmon: the phenology monitoring system

10.4 results and discussion

10.4.1 surface observations gridding system

10.4.2 growing season index

10.4.3 avhrr ndvi data

10.4.4 general discussion

acknowledgements

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11 creating a crosswalk of vegetation types and fire fuel models for the national park service

11.1 introduction

11.2 digital orthophoto mosaics

11.3 formation-level vegetation databases

11.4 fire fuel mapping

11.5 discussion

appendix a

appendix b

appendix c

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12 diurnal and seasonal cycles of land fires from trmm

observations

12.1 introduction

12.2 tsdis fire algorithms

12.3 tsdis fire products

12.4 seasonal and interannual variability

12.5 diurnal and seasonal cycles

12.5.1 diurnal cycle of trmm observation

12.5.2 seasonal variation

12.6 summary

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13 fire research in the new jersey pine barrens

13.1 introduction

13.2 regional fire weather and climate modeling

13.3 fuel mapping, forest biomass and forest dynamics

13.4 air quality

13.5 conclusions

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14 dead fuel loads in north carolina's piedmont and coastal plain and a small scale assessment of nfdrs fuel models

14.1 introduction

14.2 materials and measures

14.2.1 site descriptions

14.2.2 methods

14.3 results

14.3.1 dead fine and coarse woody fuel load

14.3.2 total dead (woody, litter and duff) fuel load

14.3.3 comparison between measured and nfdrs dead fuel load estimates

14.4 discussion and conclusions

14.4.1 woody fuel load variability

14.4.2 dead fuel load variability

14.4.3 comparison between measured and nfdrs dead fuel load estimates

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15 numerical simulations of grassland fire behavior from the lanl-firetec and nist-wfds models

15.1 introduction

15.2 overview of the firetec and wfds numerical models

15.3 overview of grassland fire experiments

15.4 approach and results

15.4.1 head fire spread rate dependence on wind speed in au grassland fuel (wfds only)

15.4.2 head fire spread rate dependence on the head fire width in au grassland fuel (wfds only)

15.4.3 case studies--fire perimeter in au grassland fuel (wfds only)

15.4.4 simulation of tall grass (firetec and wfds)

15.5 conclusions

acknowledgements

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16 physics-based modeling of wildland-urban interface fires

16.1 introduction

16.2 wui fuels

16.3 fire model

16.4 conclusions

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17 climate change and fire impacts on ecosystem critical nitrogen load

17.1 introduction

17.2 climate change impacts on critical loads

17.2.1 drought

17.2.2 climate change shifts in water availability

17.2.3 increased air temperature

17.3 fire impacts on critical pollutant loads

17.3.1 wildfire impacts on critical loads

17.3.2 controlled burn impacts on critical loads

17.4 combined impacts on critical pollutant loads

17.5 conclusions and future research

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18 simulating fire spread with landscape level edge fuel scenarios

18.1 introduction

18.2 methods

18.2.1 study area

18.2.2 model inputs

18.2.3 simulations

18.3 results

18.4 discussion

acknowledgements

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19 the need for data integration to achieve forest sustainability: modeling and assessing the impacts of wildland fire on eastern landscapes

19.1 introduction

19.2 the montreal process

19.3 sustainable forest management (sfm)

19.4 northeastern forests--an example of changing conditions

19.5 modeling landscape conditions to address sustainable forest management

19.6 conclusions

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20 automated wildfire detection through artificial neural networks.

20.1 introduction

20.2 data archiving

20.3 preliminary analysis

20.4 data reduction

20.5 neural network architecture

20.6 training and testing

20.7 classification and analysis

20.8 conclusions

acknowledgements

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21 altered disturbance regimes: the demise of fire in the eastern united states

21.1 introduction

21.2 methods

21.3 results and discussion

acknowledgements

appendix a the eastern oak story

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22 fire spread regulated by weather, landscape structure, and management in wisconsin oak-dominated forests and new jersey pinelands

22.1 introduction

22.2 methods and materials

22.2.1 study areas

22.2.2 study design

22.2.3 model linkage and applications

22.3 results

22.4 discussion

22.5 conclusions

acknowledgements

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23 the gofc-gold fire mapping and monitoring theme:

assessment and strategic plans

23.1 introduction

23.2 gofc-gold fire goals and current implementation status

23.2.1 to increase user awareness by providing an improved understanding of the utility of satellite fire products for resource management and policy within the united nations and at regional, national and local levels

23.2.2 to encourage the development and testing of standard methods for fire danger rating suited to different ecosystems and to enhance current fire early warning systems

23.2.3 to develop an operational global geostationary fire network providing observationsof active fires in near real time

23.2.4 to establish operational polar orbiters with fire monitoring capability to provide operational moderate resolution long-term global fire products and enhanced regional products from distributed ground

23.2.5 to develop long-term fire data records by combining data from multiple satellite sources

23.2.6 to establish operational polar orbiters with fire monitoring capability to provide operational high resolution data acquisition allowing fire monitoring and post-fire assessments

23.2.7 to enhance fire product use and access by developing operational multi-source fire and gis data and making these available over the intemet

23.2.8 to establish an operational network of fire validation sites and protocols, providing accuracy assessment for operational products and a testbed for new or enhanced products, leading to standard products of known accuracy

23.2.9 to operationally generate fire emission product suites of known accuracy providing annual and near real-time emission estimates with available input data sets

23.3 example contributory activities from us agencies

23.3.1 nasa wildfire activities

23.3.2 noaa wildfire activities

23.3.3 usda forest service wildfire activities

23.4 conclusion

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