Preface
1. Introduction
Pointers and Memory
Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers
Declaring Pointers
How to Read a Declaration
Address of Operator
Displaying Pointer Values
Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator
Pointers to Functions
The Concept of Null
Pointer Size and Types
Memory Models
Predefined Pointer-Related Types
Pointer Operators
Pointer Arithmetic
Comparing Pointers
Common Uses of Pointers
Multiple Levels of Indirection
Constants and Pointers
Summary
2. Dynamic Memory Management in C
Dynamic Memory Allocation
Memory Leaks
Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
Using the malloc Function
Using the calloc Function
Using the realloc Function
The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays
Deallocating Memory Using the free Function
Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer
Double Free
The Heap and System Memory
Freeing Memory upon Program Termination
Dangling Pointers
Dangling Pointer Examples
Dealing with Dangling Pointers
Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks
Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies
Garbage Collection in C
Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
Using Exception Handlers
Summary
3. Pointers and Functions
Program Stack and Heap
Program Stack
Organization of a Stack Frame
Passing and Returning by Pointer
Passing Data Using a Pointer
Passing Data by Value
Passing a Pointer to a Constant
Returning a Pointer
Pointers to Local Data
Passing Null Pointers
Passing a Pointer to a Pointer
Function Pointers
Declaring Function Pointers
Using a Function Pointer
Passing Function Pointers
Returning Function Pointers
Using an Array of Function Pointers
Comparing Function Pointers
Casting Function Pointers
Summary
4. Pointers and Arrays
Quick Review of Arrays
One-Dimensional Arrays
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
Pointer Notation and Arrays
Differences Between Arrays and Pointers
Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array
Using the realloc Function to Resize an Array
Passing a One-Dimensional Array
Using Array Notation
Using Pointer Notation
Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers
Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays
Passing a Multidimensional Array
Dynamically Allocating a Two-Dimensional Array
Allocating Potentially Noncontiguous Memory
Allocating Contiguous Memory
Jagged Arrays and Pointers
Summary
5. Pointers and Strings
String Fundamentals
String Declaration
The String Literal Pool
String Initialization
Standard String Operations
Comparing Strings
Copying Strings
Concatenating Strings
Passing Strings
Passing a Simple String
Passing a Pointer to a Constant char
Passing a String to Be Initialized
Passing Arguments to an Application
Returning Strings
Returning the Address of a Literal
Returning the Address of Dynamically Allocated Memory
Function Pointers and Strings
Summary
6. Pointers and Structures
Introduction
How Memory Is Allocated for a Structure
Structure Deallocation Issues
Avoiding malloc/free Overhead
Using Pointers to Support Data Structures
Single-Linked List
Using Pointers to Support a Queue
Using Pointers to Support a Stack
Using Pointers to Support a Tree
Summary
7. Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers
Pointer Declaration and Initialization
Improper Pointer Declaration
Failure to Initialize a Pointer Before It Is Used
Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers
Pointer Usage Issues
Test for NULL
Misuse of the Dereference Operator
Dangling Pointers
Accessing Memory Outside the Bounds of an Array
Calculating the Array Size Incorrectly
Misusing the sizeof Operator
Always Match Pointer Types
Bounded Pointers
String Security Issues
Pointer Arithmetic and Structures
Function Pointer Issues
Memory Deallocation Issues
Double Free
Clearing Sensitive Data
Using Static Analysis Tools
Summary
8. Odds and Ends
Casting Pointers
Accessing a Special Purpose Address
Accessing a Port
Accessing Memory using DMA
Determining the Endianness of a Machine
Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword
Using a Union to Represent a Value in Multiple Ways
Strict Aliasing
Using the restrict Keyword
Threads and Pointers
Sharing Pointers Between Threads
Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks
Object-Oriented Techniques
Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer
Polymorphism in C
Summary
Index