本书介绍计算机的结构和功能，旨在尽量清晰、完整地介绍现代计算机系统的本质和特性。

尽管计算机领域存在着产品的多样性以及变革迅速的特点，但一些基本的概念依然适用。这些概念的应用取决于技术的当前发展状况以及设计者希望实现的价格／性能目标。本书的目的是详细讨论计算机组织与结构的基本原理，并将这些基本原理与目前的设计问题关联起来。

Web Site for the Book xi

Preface xxi

PART ONE OVERVIEW 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

 1.1 Organization and Architecture 2

 1.2 Structure and Function 3

 1.3 Why Study Computer Organization and Architecture? 10

Chapter 2 Computer Evolution and Performance 11

 2.1 A Brief History of Computers 12

 2.2 Designing for Performance 33

 2.3 Pentium and PowerPC Evolution 40

 2.4 Recommended Reading 43

 2.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 44

PART TWO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 48

Chapter 3 A Top-Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection 48

 3.1 Computer Components 50

 3.2 Computer Function 52

 3.3 lnterconnection Structures 66

 3.4 Bus Interconnection 68

 3.5 PCI 77

 3.6 Recommended Reading 87

 3.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 87

 Appendix 3A Timing Diagrams 91

Chapter 4 Cache Memory 93

 4.1 Computer Memory System Overview 94

 4.2 Cache Memory Principles 101

 4.3 Elements of Cache Design 104

 4.4 Pentium 4 and PowerPC Cache Organizations 120

 4.5 Recommended Reading 124

 4.6 KeyTerms, Review Questions, and Problems 125

 Appendix 4A Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memories 128

Chapter 5 Internal Memory 136

 5.1 Semiconductor Main Memory 137

 5.2 Error Correction 146

 5.3 Advanced DRAM Organization 151

 5.4 Recommended Reading 156

 5.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 157

Chapter 6 External Memory 161

 6.1 Magnetic Disk 162

 6.2 RAID 171

 6.3 Optical Memory 180

 6.4 Magnetic Tape 186

 6.5 Recommended Reading 188

 6.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 189

Chapter 7 Input/Output 192

 7.1 External Devices 194

 7.2 I/O Modules 198

 7.3 Programmed I/O 201

 7.4 Interrupt-Driven I/O 204

 7.5 Direct Memory Access 213

 7.6 I/O Channels and Processors 219

 7.7 The External Interface: FireWire and InfiniBand 221

 7.8 Recommended Reading 230

 7.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 230

Chapter 8 Operating System Support 233

 8.1 Operating System Overview 234

 8.2 Scheduling 245

 8.3 Memory Management 252

 8.4 Pentium II and PowerPC Memory Management 263

 8.5 Recommended Reading 271

 8.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 271

PART THREE THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT 275

Chapter 9 Computer Arithmetic 275

 9.1 The Arithmetic and Logic Unit 276

 9.2 Integer Representation 277

 9.3 Integer Arithmetic 282

 9.4 Floating-Point Representation 298

 9.5 Floating-Point Arithmetic 303

 9.6 Recommended Reading 214

 9.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 215

Chapter 10 Instruction Sets: Characteristics

 and Functions 319

 10.1 Machine Instruction Characteristics 321

 10.2 Types of Operands 327

 10.3 Pentium and PowerPC Data Types 329

 10.4 Types of Operations 332

 10.5 Pentium and PowerPC Operation Types 344

 10.6 Assembly Language 354

 10.7 Recommended Reading 356

 10.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 356

 Appendix 10A Stacks 362

 Appendix 10B Little-, Big-, and Bi-Endian 366

Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats 371

 11.1 Addressing 372

 11.2 Pentium and PowerPC Addressing Modes 379

 11.3 Instruction Formats 384

 11.4 Pentium and PowerPC Instruction Formats 392

 11.5 Recommended Reading 396

 11.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 396

Chapter 12 Processor Structure and Function 400

 12.1 Processor Organization 401

 12.2 Register Organization 403

 12.3 Instruction Cycle 408

 12.4 Instruction Pipelining 412

 12.5 The Pentium Processor 426

 12.6 The PowerPC Processor 434

 12.7 Recommended Reading 440

 12.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 441

Chapter 13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers 445

 13.1 Instruction Execution Characteristics 447

 13.2 The Use of a Large Register File 452

 13.3 Compiler-Based Register Optimization 457

 13.4 Reduced Instruction Set Architecture 459

 13.5 RISC Pipelining 465

 13.6 MIPS R4000 468

 13.7 SPARC 475

 13.8 RISC versus CISC Controversy 480

 13.9 Recommended Reading 481

 13.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 482

Chapter 14 Instruction-Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors 485

 14.1 Overview 487

 14.2 Design Issues 491

 14.3 Pentium 500

 14.4 PowerPC 506

 14.5 Recommended Reading 514

 14.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 515

Chapter 15 The IA-64 Architecture 520

 15.1 Motivation 522

 15.2 General Organization 523

 15.3 Predication, Speculation, and Software Pipelining 525

 15.4 IA-64 instruction Set Architecture 541

 15.5 Itanium Organization 547

 15.6 Recommended Reading 550

 15.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 551

PART FOUR THE CONTROL UNIT 554

Chapter 16 Control Unit Operation 554

 16.1 Micro-Operations 556

 16.2 Control of the Processor 562

 16.3 Hardwired Implementation 574

 16.4 Recommended Reading 577

 16.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 577

Chapter 17 Microprogrammed Control 579

 17.1 Basic Concepts 580

 17.2 Microinstruction Sequencing 589

 17.3 Microinstruction Execution 595

 17.4 TI 8800 607

 17.5 Recommended Reading 617

 17.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 618

PART FIVE PARALLEL ORGANIZATION 620

Chapter 18 Parallel Processing 620

 18.1 Multiple Processor Organizations 622

 18.2 Symmetric Multiprocessors 624

 18.3 Cache Coherence and the MESI Protocol 632

 18.4 Multithreading and Chip Multiprocessors 638

 18.5 Clusters 645

 18.6 Nonuniform Memory Access 651

 18.7 Vector Computation 655

 18.8 Recommended Reading 668

 18.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 669

Appendix A Number Systems 675

 A.1 The Decimal System 676

 A.2 The Binary System 676

 A.3 Converting between Binary and Decimal 677

 A.4 Hexadecimal Notation 679

 A.5 Problems 681

Appendix B Digital Logic 682

 B.1 Boolean Algebra 683

 B.2 Gates 685

 B.3 Combinational Circuits 687

 B.4 Sequential Circuits 708

 B.5 Recommended Reading 717

 B.6 Problems 717

Appendix C Projects for Teaching Computer Organization and Architecture 720

 C.1 Research Projects 721

 C.2 Simulation Projects 721

 C.3 Reading/Report Assignments 722

Glossary 723

References 733

Index 745