Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Geometrical Optics
1.1 Waves and Rays
1.2 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics
1.3 Refractive Index and Speed of Light
1.4 Reversibility of Ray Paths and Total Internal Reflection
1.5 Vector Form of Basic Laws
1.6 Classification of Optical Systems and Concept of Imaging
1.7 Ideal Images and Ideal Optical Systems
Chapter 2 Image Formation of Symmetrical Systems Made from Spherical Surfaces
2.1 Ray Tracing Formulae for Symmetrical Systems Made from Spherical Surfaces
2.2 Sign Conventions
2.3 Imaging Characters and Ray Tracing in the Paraxial Region
2.4 Basic Formulae of the Paraxial Region
2.5 Cardinal Points of an Optical System
2.6 Principal Planes and Focal Points of a Single Refracting Surface
2.7 Principal Planes and Focal Points of a Coaxial Spheric System
2.8 Chart Illustration for Image Formation
2.9 Image Positions and Sizes
2.10 Magnifications of Optical Systems
2.11 The Optical Invariant
2.12 Relationship Between the Front and Back Effective Focal Lengths
2.13 Nodal Planes and Nodal Points
2.14 Image Height of the Object at Infinity
2.15 Combination of Ideal Optical Systems
2.16 Ray Tracing for Ideal Optical Systems
2.17 Equations for Calculating the Positions of the Principal Planes and Focal Points of a Single Lens
Chapter 3 Instruments for Human Eyes
3.1 Characteristics of the Eye
3.2 Principles of the Magnifier and the Microscope
3.3 Principle of the Telescope
3.4 Defects of Eyes and Diopter Accommodation of Optical Instruments
3.5 Spatial Depth of Focus and Stereoscopic Effect
3.6 Binocular Instruments
Chapter 4 Mirror and Prism Systems
4.1 Applications of Mirror and Prism Systems in Optical Instruments
4.2 Imaging Properties of Mirrors
4.3 Rotation of Mirrors
4.4 Prism and Its Unfolding
4.5 Roof Surfaces and Roof Prisms
4.6 Imaging Properties of the Parallel Glass Block and Prism Size Calculation
4.7 Determination of Image Orientations for Mirrors and Prisms
4.8 Combination of the Coaxial System and the Mirror and Prism System
4.9 Prism Rotation Law
Chapter 5 Selection of Image Rays in Optical Systems
5.1 Stop and Its Application
5.2 Selection of Imaging Rays in Telescope Systems
5.3 Selection of Imaging Rays in the Microscope and Telecentric System
5.4 Field Lenses
5.5 Depth of Field
5.6 Cold Stop Efficiency of Infrared Optical System
Chapter 6 Basics of Radiometry and Photometry
6.1 Solid Angle and Its Applications in Photometry
6.2 Basic Ideas in Radiometry
6.3 Relative Sensitivity of the Eye to Different Wavelengths
6.4 Basic Ideas in Photometry
6.5 Illuminance Formula and the Cosine Law of Luminous Intensity
6.6 Luminance of the Perfect Diffusive Surface
6.7 Luminance of the Light Beam in Optical Systems
6.8 Illuminance of the Image Plane
6.9 Illuminance and F Number of the Image Plane of the Camera Lens
6.10 Subjective Brightness of Human Eyes
6.11 Subjective Brightness when We Observe Through a Telescope
6.12 Calculation of Light Energy Loss in Optical Systems
Chapter 7 Image Quality of Optical Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Color Dispersion and Chromatic Aberrations
7.3 The Axial Monochromatic Aberration -- Spherical Aberration
7.4 Off-axial Monochromatic Aberrations
7.5 Aberration Curves
7.6 Wavefront Aberrations
7.7 Resolutions of Ideal Systems
7.8 Resolutions of Typical Systems
7.9 Optical Transfer Function
7.10 Application of Optical Transfer Function
7.11 Spot Diagrams
7.12 Encircled Energy
7.13 A Typical Example of Imaging Quality Evaluation of an Optical System
Chapter 8 Telescopes and Microscopes
8.1 Optical Performances of Telescopes
8.2 Objectives of Telescopes
8.3 Eyepieces of Telescopes
8.4 Introduction of Microscopes and Their Properties
8.5 Obj