Chapter 1 The Increasing Importance of Language Interpretation in Courts 1
1.Trends in Cultural Diversity 1
2.Miscarriages of Justice 2
3.Court Interpretation: The Requirements
4.Judges Dilemmas 4
5.What Is Needed 5
Chapter 2 The Nature of Legal Language 11
1.Introduction 11
2.History 12
3.Features of Legal Language 16
4.Conclusion 25
Chapter 3 Introduction to Court Interpreting 33
1.Legal Interpretation 33
2.Categories of Court Interpreting 34
3.Other Related Branches of Interpretation 36
Chapter 4 Bilingual Courtrooms in the Interests of Justice? 45
1.Introduction 45
2.Where and How Courtroom Bilingualism Arises 47
3.Methodological Issues in Analyzing Bilingual Discourse 51
4.Language Rights and Language Planning in the Legal Domain 54
5.Language Proficiency and Cultural Preference 57
6.Language Alternation as a Communicative Strategy in the Courtroom 59
7.Bilingualism and the Interests of Justice 63
Chapter 5 Role of Court Interpreters 71
1.Proceedings, Witness, and Defense, or Interview, Interpreters 72
2.The Translator 73
3.Qualifications /4
4.Constitutional and Statutory Rights to an Interpreter 76
5.The Appointment of an Interpreter 77
6.Interpretation and Attorney-Client Privilege 78
7.Interpreter Training 79
8.Waiver of a Court Interpreter 79
9.Disqualification of a Court Interpreter 79
10.Orienting a Court Interpreter 80
11.Oath 81
Chapter 6 Training for Court Interpreters 87
1.Two Workshops--An Overview of Recommended Court Programs 88
2.Workshop One--Introduction to Court Interpreting 89
3.Workshop Two--Intermediate Level Training 91
4.Local Court Programs: Practical Orientation 93
5.Qualifications for Trainers 94
Chapter 7 Appointment and Use of Court Interpreters 97
1.When Should an Interpreter be Appointed 97
2.Use of Qualified Interpreters 98
3.Interpreters Oath 99
4.Record of Interpreted Testimony 99
5.Errors during Witness Interpreting 100
6.Modes of Interpreting 101
7.Use of Multiple Interpreters 102
Chapter 8 Interpreters at Trial 105
1.Interpreter on the Record and Accuracy of the Record 105
2.Objection to Witness Testimony 106
3.Legal Status of a Court Interpreter and Objections to Interpretations 107
4.Handling Objections at Trial 108
5.Controlling a Witness through an Interpreter 109
6.Preserving the Record 109
7.Interpreter Burnout--the Fatigue Factor 110
8.Commenting on an Interpreter 110
Chapter 9 Assessing of Court Interpreting 113
1.Interpreter Proficiency Testing: A Glance at the National Landscape 113
2.A Generic Model for Developing a Standardized Interpreter Test for the State Courts 115
3.Recommended Model for a Standardized Test 118
4.Other Methods for Assessing Interpreter Qualifications 121
Chapter 10 Commentary on Model Code of Professional Responsibility for
Interpreters in the Judiciary 125
1.Purposes of the Model Code 125
2.Code of Professional Responsibility for Interpreters in the Judiciary 126
Chapter 11 Commentary on Model Court Interpreter Act 135
1.A Note on the Purposes of the Act and How It May be Used 135
2.Model Court Interpreter Act 136
Chapter 12 Court Interpreting: Features, Conflicts and the Future 149
1.Definition of Term and Mission of The Court Interpreter 149
2.Code of Ethics 149
3.Moral Conflicts 152
4.The Future 154
Keys 159
Appendices 167
Appendix 1 Take Command of the Proceedings 167
Appendix 2 Suggested Voir Dire Questions--Defendant or Witness 169
Appendix 3 Voir Dire Questions to Qualify an Interpreter 169
Appendix 4 Contract Court Interpreter Services Terms and Conditions 171
Appendix 5 Standards for Performance and Professional Responsibility for Contract Court Interpreters in the Federal Courts 182
Appendix 6 Glossary of Commonly Used Court & Justice System Terminology (English--Chinese) 183
References 200