为反映国外化学类教材的最新内容和编写风格，同时也为提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力，为高等学校使用英文原版教材进行双语教学服务，精选了国外优秀的化学类教材，组成“国外高校优秀化学教材——影印版”，《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》即为其中的一册。所选教材均在国外广泛采用，多数已再版，书中不仅介绍了有关概念、原理及应用，给出了丰富的实例和数据，还反映作者希尔、麦克里里、科尔布不同的学术观点。能对高等学校师生有所帮助，并对我国高等化学教育的发展做出贡献。

希尔、麦克里里、科尔布编著的《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》适合非化学专业的学生学习化学知识。全书通过当今人们感兴趣的议题来介绍化学原理，将化学问题与日常生活紧密联系，突出化学用于解决环境污染、放射性、能源以及人类健康等问题的实际应用，使学生认识到化学在现实世界的重要性。并注重培养学生掌握科学的方法，能够以批判的眼光来学习，培养对科学的兴趣。全书内容丰富生动，语言清晰易懂。

《化学：时代行进中的科学（第12版影印版）》主要内容包括：化学，原子，原子结构，化学键，化学计算，气液固态与分子间力，酸和碱，氧化与还原，有机化学，高分子，核化学，地球化学，空气，水，能源，生物化学，食品，药物，化学与健康，化学与农业，日用化学品，有毒物质。

Preface xiv Media Resources for Instructors xix To the Student xxii Highlights of the Twelfth Edition xxiv

1 Chemistry

 1.1 Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge 2

 1.2 The Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare 3

 1.3 Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative, Predictive, and Explanatory 4

 1.4 The Limitations of Science 7

 1.5 Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits 8

 1.6 Chemistry: Its Central Role 10

 1.7 Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research 11

 1.8 Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes 13

 1.9 Classification of Matter 16

 1.10 The Measurement of Matter 19

 1.11 Density 25

 1.12 Energy: Heat and Temperature 28

 1.13 Critical Thinking 32

 Summary 34 . Review Questions 35 . Problems 35 .

 Additional Problems 38 . Collaborative Group Projects 39

2 Atoms 41

 2.1 Atoms: The Greek Idea 42

 2.2 Lavoisier: The Law of Conservation of Mass 43

 2.3 Proust: The Law of Definite Proportions 44

 2.4 John Dalton: The Atomic Theory of Matter 46

 2.5 Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table 51

 2.6 Atoms and Molecules: Real and Relevant 53

 Summary 56 . Review Questions 56 . Problems 57 . Additional Problems 58 . Collaborative Group Projects 59

3 Atomic Structure 61

 3.1 Electricity and the Atom 62

 3.2 Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity 65

 3.3 Three Types of Radioactivity 66

 3.4 Rutherford’s Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom 67

 3.5 The Atomic Nucleus 69

 3.6 Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model 72

 3.7 Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model 77

 3.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 80

 3.9 Which Model to Choose? 84

 Summary 84 . Review Questions 85 . Problems 86 . Additional Problems 86 . Collaborative Group Projects 87

4 Chemical Bonds 89

 4.1 The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations 90

 4.2 Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols 91

 4.3 The Reaction of Sodium and Chlorine 92

 4.4 Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds 94

 4.5 Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds 97

 4.6 Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs 100

 4.7 Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds 102

 4.8 Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane 104

 4.9 Polyatomic Ions 105

 4.10 Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas 107

 4.11 Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals 110

 4.12 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory 112

 4.13 Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 116

 4.14 A Chemical Vocabulary 117

 Summary 118 . Review Questions 119 . Problems 119 . Additional Problems 121 . Collaborative Group Projects 121

5 Chemical Accounting 123

 5.1 Chemical Sentences: Equations 123

 5.2 Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations 127

 5.3 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 128

 5.4 Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conversions 131

 5.5 Solutions 138

 Summary 143 . Review Questions 144 . Problems 144 . Additional Problems 146 . Collaborative Group Projects 147

6 Gases, Liquids, Solids,

 and Intermolecular

 Forces 149

 6.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 150

 6.2 Comparing Ionic and Molecular Compounds 152

 6.3 Forces between Molecules 154

 6.4 Forces in Solutions 156

 6.5 Gases: The Kinetic–Molecular Theory 158

 6.6 The Simple Gas Laws 159

 6.7 The Ideal Gas Law 165

 Summary 167 . Review Questions 167 . Problems 168 . Additional Problems 169 . Collaborative Group Projects 169

7 Acids and Bases

 7.1 Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions 172

 7.2 Acids, Bases, and Salts 173

 7.3 Acidic and Basic Anhydrides 179

 7.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 181

 7.5 Neutralization 182

 7.6 The pH Scale 183

 7.7 Buffers and Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs 186

 7.8 Acid Rain 187

 7.9 Antacids: A Basic Remedy 188

 7.10 Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us 189

 Summary 191 . Review Questions 191 . Problems 191 . Additional Problems 193 . Collaborative Group Projects 193

8 Oxidation and Reduction 195

 8.1 Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views 196

 8.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 200

 8.3 Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries 201

 8.4 Corrosion 206

 8.5 Explosive Reactions 207

 8.6 Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent 208

 8.7 Other Common Oxidizing Agents 210

 8.8 Some Reducing Agents of Interest 212

 8.9 A Closer Look at Hydrogen 214

 8.10 Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things 216

 Summary 218 . Review Questions 218 . Problems 219 . Additional Problems 220 . Collaborative Group Projects 221

9 Organic Chemistry 223

 9.1 The Unique Carbon Atom 224

 9.2 Alkanes 224

 9.3 Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Rings and Things 229

 9.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes 231

 9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene and Relatives 233

 9.6 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Many Uses, Some Hazards 234

 9.7 The Functional Group 236

 9.8 The Alcohol Family 238

 9.9 Phenols 241

 9.10 Ethers 241

 9.11 Aldehydes and Ketones 243

 9.12 Carboxylic Acids 246

 9.13 Esters: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR’ 248

 9.14 Amines and Amides 251

 9.15 Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Others 254

 Summary 255 . Review Questions 256 . Problems 256 . Additional Problems 258 . Collaborative Group Projects 259

10 Polymers 261

 10.1 Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones 261

 10.2 Natural Polymers 262

 10.3 Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Collars 262

 10.4 Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread Bags 263

 10.5 Addition Polymerization: One . One . One . á GIVES ONE 266

 10.6 Rubber and Other Elastomers 271

 10.7 Condensation Polymers: Splitting Out Water 273

 10.8 Properties of Polymers 278

 10.9 Disposal of Plastics 280

 10.10 Plastics and Fire Hazards 281

 10.11 Plasticizers and Pollution 281

 10.12 Plastics and the Future 282

 Summary 285 . Review Questions 286 . Problems 286 . Additional Problems 287 . Collaborative Group Projects 289

11 Nuclear Chemistry 291

 11.1 Natural Radioactivity 292

 11.2 Nuclear Equations 294

 11.3 Half-Life 298

 11.4 Radioisotopic Dating 300

 11.5 Artificial Transmutation 302

 11.6 Uses of Radioisotopes 304

 11.7 Penetrating Power of Radiation 308

 11.8 Energy from the Nucleus 309

 11.9 The Building of the Bomb 313

 11.10 Radioactive Fallout 315

 11.11 Nuclear Power Plants 316

 11.12 Thermonuclear Reactions 318

 11.13 The Nuclear Age 319

 Summary 320 . Review Questions 321 . Problems 321 . Additional Problems 322 . Collaborative Group Projects 323

12 Chemistry of Earth

 12.1 Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest 325

 12.2 The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic 327

 12.3 Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks 327

 12.4 Silicates and the Shapes of Things 328

 12.5 Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement 330

 12.6 Metals and Ores 332

 12.7 Earth’s Dwindling Resources 337

 Summary 340 . Review Questions 341 . Problems 341 . Additional Problems 342 . Collaborative Group Projects 343

13 Air 345

 13.1 Earth’s Atmosphere: Divisions and Composition 345

 13.2 Chemistry of the Atmosphere 347

 13.3 Pollution through the Ages 350

 13.4 Coal + Fire : Industrial Smog 352

 13.5 Automobile Emissions 355

 13.6 Photochemical Smog: Making Haze while the Sun Shines 358

 13.7 Acid Rain: Air Pollution : Water Pollution 361

 13.8 The Inside Story: Indoor Air Pollution 362

 13.9 Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword 366

 13.10 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 369

 13.11 Who Pollutes? Who Pays? 373

 Summary 376 . Review Questions 377 . Problems 377 . Additional Problems 378 . Collaborative Group Projects 379

14 Water

 14.1 Water: Some Unique Properties 382

 14.2 Water in Nature 384

 14.3 Chemical and Biological Contamination 387

 14.4 Industrial Water Use 389

 14.5 Groundwater Contamination : Tainted Tap Water 392

 14.6 Making Water Fit to Drink 394

 14.7 Wastewater Treatment 399

 14.8 The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water 401

 14.9 Water Pollution and the Future 401

 Summary 403 . Review Questions 403 . Problems 404 . Additional Problems 405 . Collaborative Group Projects 405

15 Energy 407

 15.1 Sunlight Floods Earth with Energy 408

 15.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 411

 15.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 414

 15.4 People Power: Early Uses of Energy 417

 15.5 Reserves and Consumption Rates of Fossil Fuels 418

 15.6 Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages 419

 15.7 Natural Gas: Mostly Methane 422

 15.8 Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbons 422

 15.9 Convenient Energy: Electricity 428

 15.10 Nuclear Fission 430

 15.11 Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle 435

 15.12 Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy 436

 15.13 Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel 438

 15.14 Hydrogen: Light and Powerful 441

 15.15 Other Renewable Energy Sources 443

 15.16 Energy: How Much Is Too Much? 445

 Summary 447 . Review Questions 448 . Problems 448 . Additional Problems 450 . Collaborative Group Projects 451

16 Biochemistry 453

 16.1 The Living Cell 453

 16.2 Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy 455

 16.3 Fats and Other Lipids 459

 16.4 Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids 462

 16.5 The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Proteins 465

 16.6 Structure of Proteins 467

 16.7 Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines 471

 16.8 Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure 474

 16.9 DNA: Self-Replication 477

 16.10 RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code 479

 16.11 The Human Genome 481

 Summary 485 . Review Questions 486 . Problems 486 . Additional Problems 488 . Collaborative Group Projects 489

17 Food 491

 17.1 Carbohydrates in the Diet 492

 17.2 Fats and Cholesterol 494

 17.3 Proteins: Muscle and Much More 499

 17.4 Minerals: Inorganic Chemicals and Life 501

 17.5 The Vitamins: Vital, but Not All Are Amines 503

 17.6 Other Essentials: Fiber and Water 505

 17.7 Starvation and Fasting 506

 17.8 Additives to Enhance Nutrition and Taste 508

 17.9 Additives to Retard Spoilage 513

 17.10 Color Additives 515

 17.11 Poisons in Our Food 517

 17.12 A World without Food Additives 521

 Summary 522 . Review Questions 523 . Problems 523 . Additional Problems 524 . Collaborative Group Projects 525

18 Drugs

 18.1 Scientific Drug Design 528

 18.2 Pain Relievers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 529

 18.3 Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold 532

 18.4 Antibacterial Drugs 534

 18.5 Viruses and Antiviral Drugs 538

 18.6 Chemicals against Cancer 541

 18.7 Hormones: The Regulators 544

 18.8 Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill 549

 18.9 Drugs for the Heart 552

 18.10 Drugs and the Mind 554

 18.11 Some Chemistry of the Nervous System 554

 18.12 Brain Amines: Depression and Mania 556

 18.13 Anesthetics 559

 18.14 Depressant Drugs 562

 18.15 Narcotics 565

 18.16 Antianxiety Agents 569

 18.17 Stimulant Drugs 571

 18.18 Hallucinogenic Drugs 573

 18.19 Drug Problems 576

 Summary 577 . Review Questions 579 . Problems 579 . Additional Problems 579 . Collaborative Group Projects 581

19 Fitness and Health

 19.1 Calories: Quantity and Quality 583

 19.2 Vitamins and Minerals 586

 19.3 Body Fluids and Electrolytes 589

 19.4 Weight-Loss Diets 591

 19.5 Exercise for Weight Loss 593

 19.6 Measuring Fitness 596

 19.7 Some Chemistry of Muscles 598

 19.8 Drugs and the Athlete 601

 19.9 Exercise and the Brain 603

 19.10 No Smoking 604

 Summary 607 . Review Questions 607 . Problems 608 . Additional Problems 609 . Collaborative Group Projects 609

20 Chemistry Down on the Farm . . .

 20.1 Farming with Chemicals: Fertilizers 612

 20.2 The War against Pests 618

 20.3 Biological Insect Controls 624

 20.4 Herbicides and Defoliants 628

 20.5 Sustainable Agriculture 630

 20.6 Some Malthusian Mathematics 632

 20.7 Can We Feed a Hungry World? 634

 Summary 635 . Review Questions 635 . Problems 635 . Additional Problems 636 . Collaborative Group Projects 637

21 Household Chemicals 639

 21.1 A History of Cleaning 640

 21.2 Fat + Lye : Soap 641

 21.3 Synthetic Detergents 645

 21.4 Laundry Detergent Formulations 647

 21.5 Dishwashing Detergents 651

 21.6 Fabric Softeners 651

 21.7 Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites 652

 21.8 All-Purpose Cleaning Products 653

 21.9 Special-Purpose Cleaners 654

 21.10 Solvents, Paints, and Waxes 658

 21.11 Cosmetics: Personal Care Chemicals 659

 21.12 Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor 665

 21.13 Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftershaves 666

 21.14 Some Hairy Chemistry 669

 21.15 The Well-Informed Consumer 673

 Summary 674 . Review Questions 675 . Problems 675 . Additional Problems 676 . Collaborative Group Projects 677

22 Poisons 679

 22.1 Natural Poisons 680

 22.2 Corrosive Poisons: A Closer Look 682

 22.3 Metabolic Poisons 683

 22.4 Heavy Metal Poisons 684

 22.5 More Chemistry of the Nervous System 688

 22.6 The Lethal Dose 690

 22.7 The Liver as a Detox Facility 692

 22.8 Chemical Carcinogens: Slow Poisons 693

 22.9 Three Ways to Test for Carcinogens 697

 22.10 Birth Defects: Teratogens 698

 22.11 Hazardous Wastes 699

 22.12 What Price Poisons? 701

 Summary 702 . Review Questions 703 . Problems 703 . Additional Problems 704 . Collaborative Group Projects 705

Appendix: Review of Measurement and Mathematics A-1

Glossary A-18

Answers A-25

Photo Credits PC-1

Index I-1