Chapter 1 Introduction/1
1.1 Classification of polymerizations/1
1.1.1 Condensation and addition polymerization/1
1.1.2 Step and chain polymerizations/3
1.2 Classification of Polymers/5
1.2.1 Classification by source/5
1.2.2 Classification by mechanical behavior and application/5
1.2.3 Classification by synthesis reaction/6
1.2.4 Classification by chain structure/6
1.2.5 Classification by processing characteristics/7
1.3 Physical State, Property and Application of Polymers/8
1.3.1 Crystalline and amorphous behavior/8
1.3.2 Thermal transitions/8
1.3.3 General properties of polymers/9
1.3.4 Applications of polymer materials/10
1.4 Polymer Processing/10
1.4.1 Ingredients of polymer materials/11
1.4.2 Processing methods/11
1.5 Development of Polymer Science and Engineering/13
1.5.1 Brief history of polymer materials/13
1.5.2 Establishment of polymer science/14
1.5.3 The development of synthetic polymers/14
Problems/19
Chapter 2 Polymer Synthesis/20
2.1 Step Polymerization/20
2.1.1 Basis for analysis of polymerization kinetics/21
2.1.2 Kinetics of step polymerization/22
2.1.3 Molecular weight control in linear polymerization/28
2.2 Radical Chain Polymerization/33
2.2.1 Rate of radical chain polymerization/33
2.2.2 Molecular weight/38
2.2.3 Chain transfer/40
2.2.4 Inhibition and retardation/42
2.2.5 Process conditions/43
Problems/47
Chapter 3 Polymer Structure, Molecular Motions and Transitions of Polymers/50
3.1 General Introduction for Polymer Structures/50
3.1.1 Structural groups/50
3.1.2 Linear chain polymers/51
3.1.3 Configurations of polymer chains/53
3.1.4 Conformation/55
3.1.5 Copolymers/55
3.1.6 Network polymers/56
3.2 Characteristics of Macromolecular Motions and Transitions/56
3.2.1 The Glassy Region/57
3.2.2 The Glass Transition Region/57
3.2.3 The Rubbery Plateau Region/58
3.2.4 The Rubbery Flow Region/59
3.2.5 The Liquid Flow Region/59
3.3 Molecular Motion and Thermal Transitions/59
3.3.1 Theories of glass transition/60
3.3.2 Factors affecting glass transition temperature/62
3.3.3 The crystalline melting point/69
3.3.4 Factors affecting the crystalline melting point, Tm/70
Problems/74
Chapter 4 Solid State Properties of Polymers/76
4.1 Mechanical Properties/76
4.1.1 Forces Versus Deformation Properties/77
4.1.2 Toughness/83
4.1.3 Creep/87
4.2 Optical Properties/88
4.2.1 Haze/88
4.2.2 Transparency/89
4.2.3 Gloss/90
4.3 Surface Contact Properties/90
4.3.1 Friction/90
4.3.2 Cling/92
4.3.3 Wear Resistance/92
4.4 Barrier Properties/93
4.4.1 Permeation through Polymers/94
4.4.2 Barrier Property Analysis/95
4.5 Electrical Properties/96
4.5.1 Electrical Resistance/96
4.5.2 Capacitive Properties/97
4.5.3 Dielectric Strength/98
4.5.4 Arc Resistance/99
4.5.5 Corona Treatment/99
4.5.6 Factors Influencing Polymers in Electrical Applications/99
4.6 Weather Resistance/100
4.6.1 Natural Outdoor Weathering/100
4.6.2 Accelerated Outdoor Weathering/101
4.6.3 Artificial Weathering/101
Problems/101
Chapter 5 Characterization and Testing of Polymers/103
5.1 Gel Permeation Chromatography/103
5.1.1 GPC Instrumentation/103
5.1.2 Calibration/105
5.1.3 Selection and Assembly of Detectors/106
5.2 Infrared Spectroscopy/106
5.2.1 Instrument and Experimental Method/107
5.2.2 Applications to Polymers/108
5.3 X-ray Diffraction Analysis/110
5.3.1 Experimental Methods/110
5.3.2 Application to Polymers/111
5.4 Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy/112
5.4.1 Experimental Methods/112
5.4.2 Application to Polymers/113
5.5 Thermal Analysis/118
5.5.1 Thermogravity Analysis (TGA)/118
5.5.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)/119
5.6 Light and Electron Microscopy/122
5.6.1 Light Microscopy/122
5.6.2 Electron Microscopy/123
Problems/126
Chapter 6 Plastics/128
6.1 Polyethylene/128
6.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/130
6.1.2 High density polyethylene (HDPE)/134
6.1.3 Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/135
6.1.4 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/136
6.1.5 Crosslinked polyethylene (XPE)/137
6.2 Polypropylene (PP)/137
6.2.1 Isotactic polypropylene/138
6.2.2 Syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP)/139
6.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/140
6.3.1 Polymerization/140
6.3.2 Structure and Properties/141
6.3.3 Copolymers/142
6.3.4 Application/142
6.4 Polystyrene (PS) and Related Polymers/143
6.4.1 Polymerization of styrene/143
6.4.2 Structure and properties/143
6.4.3 Copolymers of styrene/144
6.4.4 Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)/145
6.4.5 Application/145
6.5 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)/146
6.5.1 Polymerization/146
6.5.2 Structure and property/146
6.5.3 Application/147
6.6 Polyamide (Nylon)/147
6.6.1 Polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon-66)/147
6.6.2 Other important polyamides/149
6.7 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/150
6.7.1 Polymerization/150
6.7.2 Property and application/150
6.8 Polyoxymethylene (POM)/151
6.8.1 Polymerization/151
6.8.2 Property/152
6.8.3 Application/152
6.9 Polycarbonate (PC)/152
6.10 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/152
6.10.1 Polymerization/153
6.10.2 Structure/153
6.10.3 Property/154
6.10.4 Effect of structure on property/154
6.10.5 Fabrication and processing/154
6.10.6 Application/156
6.10.7 Fluorocarbon copolymers/156
Problems/156
Chapter 7 Elastomers/158
7.1 Basics for Elastomers/158
7.2 Morphology of Thermoplastic Elastomers/162
7.2.1 General characteristics/162
7.2.2 Properties and effect of structure/163
7.2.3 Mechanical properties/165
7.2.4 Thermal and chemical properties/168
7.3 Diene Elastomers/169
7.3.1 Butadiene-based elastomers/169
7.3.2 Polyisoprene/170
7.3.3 Polychloroprene/170
7.3.4 Styrene -butadiene rubber (SBR)/170
7.3.5 Metathesis elastomers/173
7.3.6 Nondiene elastomers/174
7.3.7 Thermoplastic elastomers/176
Problems/178
Chapter 8 Polymer Composites/179
8.1 Introduction to Composites/179
8.2 A Brief History of Polymer Composites/180
8.3 General Use Considerations/182
8.4 Technology Overview/184
8.4.1 Reinforcements/184
8.4.2 Matrices/186
8.4.3 Coupling agents/189
8.4.4 PMC forms/189
8.4.5 Fabrication processes/190
8.5 Applications of Polymer Composites/192
8.6 Nanocomposites/193
8.7 View of the Future/194
Problems/195
Chapter 9 Paint and Coatings/197
9.1 Principles of Coating/197
9.1.1 Rheology/198
9.1.2 Viscosity behavior/199
9.1.3 Surface chemistry/201
9.2 Composition of Paint/209
9.2.1 Introduction/209
9.2.2 Binder/209
9.2.3 Pigments/210
9.2.4 Solvents/211
9.2.5 Additives/212
9.2.6 Fillers (Extenders)/213
9.3 Theory of Adhesion/213
9.3.1 Introduction/213
9.3.2 Mechanical bonding/213
9.3.3 Electrostatic attraction/214
9.3.4 Chemical bonding/215
9.3.5 Paint diffusion/215
9.4 Coating Materials/216
9.4.1 Acrylics/218
9.4.2 Alkyd resins/218
9.4.3 Epoxies/220
9.4.4 Polyurethanes/221
Problems/223
Chapter 10 Developments in Polymer Science and Technology/224
10.1 Synthesis Technology/224
10.1.1 Living radical polymerization/224
10.1.2 Living cationic polymerization/235
10.2 New Polymer Materials and Applications/239
10.2.1 Dendritic (highly branched) polymers/239
10.2.2 Conducting Polymers/243
10.2.3 Bio-degradable polymers/254
Problems/260
References/262