Linguistics is a wide-ranging discipline. Within its compass lie topics and questions far apart from each other, but all. nonetheless. relevant to our understanding of the nature, structure, use and history of human language. this new. fourth edition of General Linguistics draws these strands together into a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the subject. The book considers; semantics and pragmatics dialect and style phonetics and phonology morphology and syntax, with reference both to traditional and to current theories comparative-historical linguistics and linguistic typology linguistics' relation to other disciplines the practical applications of linguistics the 2.500 years of linguistic thought that lies behind what we do and think today The fourth edition of this respected textbook has been fully revised and updated.

Preface by Halliday

王宗炎序

导读

Preface to first edition

Preface to second edition

Preface to third edition

Preface to fourtb edition

System of reference

Transcriptions and abbreviations

 General linguistics: the scope of the subject

 1.1 General linguistics as the study of language

1.1.1 Languages and languages

1.1.2 Descriptive, historical, and comparative linguistics

1.1.3 The term 'philology'

 1.2 Linguistics as a science

1.2.1 Implications of the term 'science'

1.2.2 Practical applications

 1.3 The range of general linguistics

1.3.1 Levels of analysis

1.3.2 Language and communication

1.3.3 Phonetics, phonology, grammar, semantics

 1.4 Semantics

1.4.1 Philosophical and linguistic interest in meaning

1.4.2 Word meaning

1.4.3 Sentence meaning

1.4.4 Extralinguistic context

1.4.5 Translation

 General bibliography

 Bibliography for Chapter Ⅰ

 Notes to Chapter Ⅰ

2 Theoretical and methodological considerations

 2.1 Abstractions

2.1.1 The status of linguistic abstractions

2.1.2 Structural linguistics: syntagmatic and

paradigmatic relations

 2.2 Dialect, idiolect, style

2.2.1 Dialects as subdivisions of languages

2.2.2 Dialect mapping: isoglosses

2.2.3 Class dialects and 'standard languages'

2.2.4 Criteria for determining dialect status

2.2.5 Linguistic tendencies affecting dialectal divisions

 2.3 General and particular

 2.4 The structural treatment of lexical meaning

2.4.1 Lexical interrelations

2.4.2 Collocation

2.4.3 Semantic field theory

 Bibliography for Chapter 2

 Notes to Chapter 2

3 Phonetics

 3.1 Articulatory phonetics

3.1.1 The spoken foundation of language

3.1.2 Primacy of articulatory phonetics

3.1.3 The physiological basis of speaking

 3.2 The organs of speech

3.2.1 The glottis

3.2.2 The supraglottal organs of speech

3.2.3 Nasalization

 3.3 Segmentation: vowel and consonant

3.3.1 Segmentation

3.3.2 Vowels and consonants: transcription

3.3.3 Vowels

3.3.4 Consonants

 3.4 Acoustic phonetics

 3.5 Piurisegmental features

3.5.1 The continuum of articulation

3.5.2 Glottal and supraglottal features

3.5.3 Stress

3.5.4 Pitch

3.5.5 Voice quality

 3.6 Phonetics in linguistics

 Bibliography for Chapter 3

 Notes to Chapter 3

4 Phonology

 4.1 Speech and writing

 4.2 Narrow and broad transcription: phonetics and

phonology

 4.3 The phoneme theory

4.3.1 The phonemic principle, phonemics

4.3.2 Segmental phonemes

4.3.3 Phonemic analysis of length and stress

4.3.4 The syllable

4.3.5 Tone phonemes

4.3.6 Intonation

4.3.7 Distinctive features

 4.4 Further developments

4.4.1 Classical phoneme theory

4.4.2 Juncture phonemes

4.4.3 Prosodic phonology

4.4.4 Generative phonology

4.4.5 Natural generative phonology

4.4.6 Rule ordering

4.4.7 Autosegmental and metrical phonology

 Bibliography for Chapter 4

 Notes to Chapter 4

5 Grammar: grammatical elements

 5.1 Preliminary questions

5.1.1 Uses of the term 'grammar'

5.1.2 Formal grammar

5.1.3 The basic units of grammar

 5.2 The sentence

 5.3 The word

5.3.1 Grammatical criteria of word status

5.3.2 Phonological markers of the word

 unit

5-3.3 Variant word forms

 5.4 The morpheme

5.4.1 The morpheme as the minimal grammatical unit

5.4.2 Morpheme variants (allomorphs)

5.4.3 Bound and free morphemes: root and affix

 5.5 The semantic status of morphemes

Bibliography for Chapters 5 and 6

Notes to Chapter 5

6 Grammar: grammatical classes, structures, and categories

 6.1 Syntactic relations

 6.2 Word classes

 6.3 Immediate constituents

6.3.1 General principles: basic syntactic structures

6.3.2 Endocentric and exocentric: subordinate and coordinate

6.3.3 Word order and syntactic structure

6.3.4 Cross-cutting of immediate constituents and word boundaries

6.3.5 Comparison with traditional practice

 6.4 Grammatical categories

6.4.1 Number, gender, case

6.4.2 Concord and government

6.4.3 Subject and object

6.4.4 Morphology in relation to syntax

6.4.5 Inflection and derivation

6.4.6 Grammatical functions of stress and pitch features

6.4.7 Morpheme and category

 6.5 Subclasses, irregularities, and economy

 6.6 Grammatical semantics

6.6.1 Semantic correlations

6.6.2 Meanings of grammatical categories

6.6.3 Class meanings and structural meanings

6.6.4 Methodological implications

 Notes to Chapter 6

7 Current linguistic theory

 7. 1 Theory formation

7. 1.1 Linguistic theory and linguistic practice

7. 1 .2 Rival theories

 7.2 Transformational-generative linguistics (TG)

7.2.1 General considerations

7.2.2 Early formulation: Syntactic structures

7.2.3 Later developments: Aspects of the theory of syntax and after

 7.2.4 Government and binding

7.3 Other current theories

 7.3.1 General context

 7.3.2 Generalized phrase structure grammar(GPSG)

 7.3.3 Relational and functional grammar

 7.3.4 Dependency grammars

7.4 Earlier post-'structuralist' theories

 7.4.1 General context

 7.4.2 Tagmemics

 7.4.3 M.A.K. Halliday: systemic grammar

 7.4.4 Stratificational linguistics

 7.5 Postscript

 Bibliography for Chapter 7

 Notes to Chapter 7

8 Linguistic comparison

 8.3 Historically orientated comparison of languages (comparative and historical linguistics)

8.1.1 The material

8.1.2 The Great Vowel Shift in English

8.1.3 Semantic changes

8.1.4 The Indo-European family

8.1.5 Other language families

8.1.6 The representation of correspondences

8.1.7 The neogrammarian thesis

8.1.8 Loan words

8.1.9 Analogy

8.1.10 Sound change and generative grammar

8.1. 11 Historical inferences

 8.2 Typological comparison

8.2.1 General principles

8.2.2 Phonetic typology

8.2.3 Phonological typology

8.2.4 Grammatical typology

8.2.5 Linguistic typology and linguistic universals

8.2.6 Structural typology

8.2.7 Lexical typology

8.2.8 Historical change and linguistic typology

8.2.9 Summary

Bibliography for Chapter 8

Notes to Chapter 8

9 Wider perspectives

 9.1 Linguistics, anthropology and sociology

9.1.1 Linguistics and anthropology

9.1.2 Linguistics and sociology: sociolinguistics

 9.2 Linguistics and philosophy

 9.3 Linguistics and psychology

 9.4 Linguistics and language teaching: linguistics and communications engineering

9.4.1 Linguistics and language teaching

9.4.2 Linguistics and communications engineering

 9.5 Linguistics and literature

 9.6 Outline of the history of linguistic studies in Western Europe

Bibliography for Chapter 9

Notes to Chapter 9

Index