教材内容共分四大部分。第一部分为Fundamentals of Geographic Information Sciences，共分四章，介绍地理信息科学的基础知识，包括绪论、空间数据基本理论、GIS空间分析及GIS的发展和类型。第二部分为Advances and Hot Points in GIS，共分四章，介绍GIS学科发展的前沿问题和关键技术，包括WebGIS关键问题、GridGIS发展、空间数据渐进传输和3D GIS的发展与关键问题等。第三部分为Related Techniques of Geoinformatics，共分四章，介绍遥感技术基本原理、遥感技术的发展趋势、GPS基本原理及3S集成等具体内容。最后一部分为Appendix，侧重GIS科技英语的写作，包含四方面的内容，分别为GIS术语、地理信息领域相关有影响力的国际学术期刊汇总、科技英语写作规范和技巧，以及与科技论文投稿相关的知识和例文。

本书属于北京市高等教育精品教材立项项目。全书内容共分为四大部分：第一部分介绍地理信息科学的基础知识；第二部分介绍GIS学科发展的前沿问题和关键技术等；第三部分介绍遥感技术的基本原理和发展趋势、GPS基本原理及3S集成等具体内容；第四部分侧重介绍GIS科技英语的写作，包括GIS术语、地理信息领域有影响力的国际学术期刊汇总、科技英语写作规范和技巧，以及与科技论文投稿相关的知识和例文。

本书可用做地理信息系统相关专业本科生“GIS专业英语”课程的阅读和写作材料，也可作为相关专业研究生以及广大教学科研人员工作、学习的参考资料。

Part Ⅰ Fundamentals of Geographic Information Sciences

 Chapter 1 Introduction to GIS 2

1.1 Geomatics and GIS 2

 1.1.1 Geography 2

 1.1.2 Information Systems 3

 1.1.3 Definition of GIS 4

 1.1.4 Definition of Geomatics 5

1.2 Background and History of GIS 5

 1.2.1 Brief History 5

 1.2.2 Evolution of GIS 8

1.3 Components of GIS 9

1.4 Principal Functions of GIS 11

1.5 Application Scope of GIS 12

 Chapter 2 Spatial Data and Related Issues 15

2.1 Concept of Spatial Data 15

2.2 Data Capture 15

 2.2.1 Manual Digitization 16

 2.2.2 Scanning System 17

 2.2.3 Data Conversion 18

2.3 Geo relational Data Model 19

2.4 The Spatial Data and the Attribute Data 20

2.5 Coordinate Systems, Projection and Registration 22

 2.5.1 Coordinate Systems 23

 2.5.2 Projection and Registration 24

2.6 Vector and Raster Data Structure 27

 2.6.1 Vector Data Structure and Topology 28

 2.6.2 Raster Data Structure 35

 2.6.3 Comparisons Between Vector and Raster Data Structure 40

2.7 Thematic Mapping 42

 2.7.1 Maps Defined 43

 2.7.2 Map Scale 44

2.8 Resolution and Scale of Spatial Data 44

 Chapter 3 Spatial Analysis and Functions of GIS 48

3.1 Proximity Analysis (Buffering) 50

3.2 Overlay Analysis 51

3.3 Spatial Statistics 52

 3.3.1 Descriptive Statistics 52

 3.3.2 Histograms or Frequency Counts 53

 3.3.3 Extreme Values 53

 3.3.4 Correlations and Cross tabulation 53

3.4 Network Analysis 54

 3.4.1 Finding the Best Route 55

 3.4.2 Finding the Closest Facility 56

 3.4.3 Finding Service Areas 57

 3.4.4 Creating an OD Cost Matrix 57

3.5 Modeling 57

3.6 Some Real Life Examples 59

 Chapter 4 Types of GIS 63

4.1 Four dimensional GIS 63

4.2 Multimedia/Hypermedia GIS 63

4.3 WebGIS64

4.4 Virtual Reality GIS 65

4.5 Real time GIS 66

Part Ⅱ Advances and Hot Points in GIS

 Chapter 5 WebGIS and the Key Issues 70

5.1 Principles of WebGIS 70

5.2 System Architecture and Its Implementation 71

 5.2.1 Important Issues of Designing the WebGIS Architecture 73

 5.2.2 B/S Based WebGIS System with COM/DCOM Technique: A Case 74

5.3 Data Sharing, Interoperation and OpenGIS 77

 5.3.1 The Connotation and Significance of Data Sharing and Interoperation 78

 5.3.2 Technical Implementation of Spatial Data Sharing and Interoperation7 9

 5.3.3 Web Spatial Data Service and GML for Data Sharing and Interoperation: A Case 81

 Chapter 6 GridGIS: Direction of GIS 89

6.1 Definition of GridGIS 90

6.2 Understanding the Concept of Grid 91

6.3 Understanding the Differences between GridGIS and WebGIS 91

6.4 Grid Computing and Grid Middleware 92

6.5 Architecture Design of GridGIS and Its Applications on Image Processing Based on LAN: A Case 93

 6.5.1 Key Techniques of GridGIS Based on LAN 94

 6.5.2 Sample of GridGIS Based on LAN 102

 6.5.3 Conclusions 103

 Chapter 7 Progressive Transmission of Spatial Data 106

7.1 Definition of Progressive Transmission of Spatial Data 106

7.2 Key Techniques of Progressive Transmission of Spatial Data 107

7.3 Spatial Data Index and Multiscale Representation of Spatial Data 108

 7.3.1 Three Kinds of Geometric Data Index 108

 7.3.2 Multiscale Representation of Spatial Data 109

7.4 Map Generalization and Simplification of Spatial Data 113

 7.4.1 Definition of Map Generalization 114

 7.4.2 Review on Generalization Research 115

 7.4.3 Models, Strategies and Constraints of Generalization 117

 7.4.4 Generalization Operators and Algorithms 120

7.5 A Solution to Progressive Vector Transmission on Web: A Case 124

 7.5.1 DP Algorithm and Its Modification 124

 7.5.2 Binary Line Generalization Tree 126

 7.5.3 A Browser Server Architecture for Progressive Vector Transmission 126

 7.5.4 Data Organization on Serverside and Implementation of Related Components 127

 7.5.5 Experiments 128

 Chapter 8 3D GIS and Its Developments 137

8.1 Overview of 3D GIS 137

 8.1.1 Recent Researches on 3D GIS 137

 8.1.2 Commercial Systems on 3D GIS 138

8.2 Three Dimensional Spatial Data Models and Data Structures 144

 8.2.1 Classification of 3D Data Model 145

 8.2.2 Surface based 3D Data Model 146

 8.2.3 Volume based 3D Data Model 149

8.3 OpenGIS Specifications and 3D 152

8.4 Key Issues of 3D GIS 153

 8.4.1 Topological Model 153

 8.4.2 Formalism for Detecting Spatial Relationships 155

Part Ⅲ Related Techniques of Geoinformatics

 Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing 160

9.1 The Process and Types of Remote Sensing 160

9.2 Brief History of Remote Sensing 161

9.3 Characteristics of Digital Remote Sensing Images 166

9.4 Characteristics of Satellite Remote Sensing Image 168

 9.4.1 Satellite Characteristics: Orbits and Swaths 168

 9.4.2 Spatial Resolution 170

 9.4.3 Spectral Resolution 171

 9.4.4 Radiometric Resolution 172

 9.4.5 Temporal Resolution 173

9.5 Basic Processing of Remote Sensing Image 174

9.6 Features Used in Image Interpretation and Recognition 176

 Chapter 10 Development Trends in Remote Sensing 180

10.1 Development of Data Acquisition Technology by Remote Sensors 180

 10.1.1 High Spatial Resolution 180

 10.1.2 High Spectral Resolution 184

 10.1.3 Radar Remote Sensing 186

 10.1.4 Light Detection and Ranging 189

10.2 Development of Image Processing, Analysis and Application 193

 10.2.1 Image Compression 193

 10.2.2 Image Fusion 195

 10.2.3 Radar Interferometry 196

 10.2.4 Information Extraction from Remote Sensing Image 198

10.3 Object based Image Processing and Analysis 201

10.4 Multi scale Information Extraction from High Resolution Remote Sensing Image: A Case 206

 10.4.1 Limitations in Traditional Object Extraction 207

 10.4.2 Workflow of Multiscale Information Extraction from High Resolution Images Based on Features 208

 10.4.3 Region Partition Based on GMRF-SVM on Large scale 209

 10.4.4 Parcel Unit Extraction 215

 10.4.5 Conclusions 219

 Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Global Positioning System 225

11.1 Components of GPS 225

 11.1.1 The User Segment 225

 11.1.2 The Control Segment 226

 11.1.3 The Space Segment 227

11.2 Signals of GPS 229

11.3 Surveying and Positioning with GPS 230

 11.3.1 Principles of Positioning with GPS 230

 11.3.2 Observables of GPS Surveying 231

11.4 Differential Techniques 232

11.5 Double and Triple Difference Processing 233

 Chapter 12 Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 236

12.1 Introduction to Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 236

 12.1.1 Definition of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 236

 12.1.2 Necessity of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS237

 12.1.3 Models of Integration 238

12.2 Applications of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 242

 12.2.1 Existing Applications of Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 242

 12.2.2 Prospects for Integration of GIS, RS and GPS 245

12.3 Development of Wireless Technology and Its Application to GIS 246

12.4 Mobile Wireless Communication Standards and LBS 250

 12.4.1 Mobile Wireless System Components 250

 12.4.2 Mobile Communication Protocols 251

 12.4.3 Standards that Support LBS 251

 12.4.4 Examples of LBS 253

12.5 LBS Related Issues 254

 12.5.1 Diverse Mobile Mapping Standards 254

 12.5.2 Interoperability 255

 12.5.3 Market Capacity 257

 12.5.4 User Privacy 258

Part Ⅳ Appendix

 Appendix AGIS Dictionary 268

 Appendix BEnglish Journals on Geoinformatics 289

 Appendix CWriting of Scientific Paper 301