This sub-report addresses long-range planning for development of large research infrastructures in China. They each craft a roadmap for their sphere of development to 2050. In their entirety, the general and sub-group reports analyze the evolution and laws governing the development of science and technology, describe the decisive impact of science and technology on the modernization process, predict that the world is on the eve of an impending S&T revolution, and call for China to be fully prepared for this new round of S&T advancement.

Abstract

1 Large Research Infrastructures and National Innovation System

1.1 Definition of National Large Research Infrastructures

1.2 Position and Role of Large Research Infrastructures in the Development of the Country

1.3 Development Trend of Large Research Infrastructures

1.4 The Current Situation and Tasks of Large Research Infrastructures in China

2 Macro Thought on Development of China's Large Research Infrastructures in the Next 50 Years

2.1 Guideline for Making Roadmap

2.2 Development Goal

2.3 Guideline for Development

3 Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Energy

3.1 Particle Physics

3.2 Nuclear Physics

3.3 Nuclear Energy Application

4 Astronomy and Space Science

4.1 Astrophysical Problems of Black Holes and Other Compact Objects

4.2 Origin and Evolution of the Universe and Its Structures

4.3 Impact of the Sun and Solar System on the Earth and the Survival and Development of Human Society

4.4 Searching for Earth-like Exoplanets and Evidence of Life Beyond the Earth

4.5 Global and Long-term Changes of the Earth

M5 ultidisciplinary Research Platform

5.1 Large Advanced Light Source

5.2 Advanced Neutron Source

5.3 Experimental Platform of Extreme Physical Conditions

5.4 Ultra-scale Computing Infrastructure

5.5 The Integrated Research Platform for Imaging

5.6 Other Multidisciplinary Application Platforms

6 Life Sciences and Biotechnology.

6.1 Rapid Progress in Sequencing Technology to Enable Life Sciences into a New Genomic Era

6.2 Proteomics to Become a New Focus for Life Sciences Research

6.3 Systems Biology to Create a Comprehensive Life Study

6.4 Development of Synthetic Biology will Create Artificial Life

6.5 Continuous Advancement in Micro-technology to Promote Exploration for Fine Cell Structure

6.6 Cognitive Science

6.7 Molecular Crop Design

6.8 The Development of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Needs a Big Science Platform

7 Resources, Environment and Ecology

7.1 Geography

7.2 Resources Science and Ecology

7.3 Environmental Science

7.4 Earth Science

7.5 Oceanography

8 High-tech and Others

8.1 Overview of High-tech

8.2 Relationship between High-tech and Large Scientific Facilities

8.3 Large Scientific Facility Roadmap in High-tech Field

9 Proposed Policies and Measures

9.1 Intensify the Efforts to Make and Manage the Planning of National Infrastructures

9.2 Strengthen the Management of the Whole Life Cycle of Infrastructures

9.3 Establish the Management Norms Suitable for the Characteristics ofInfrastructures

9.4 Reinforce the Cultivation of Talents and Teams for Infrastructures

References

Epilogue