《言谈互动中的意义：语用学引论》一书由英国语用学家Jenny Thomas所著，体现了他的语用学思想及所强调的动态语用观(dynamic pragmatics)，并将语用学定义为研究言谈互动中的意义。言语交际与意义生成都是一个动态过程，意义不只是词义，也不只是由说话人单方面生成的或由听话人解释的。因而，作者强调语用学的动态研究，包括话语生成和话语理解，它们涉及说话人和听话人之间的意义磋商(negotiation of meaning)以及话语语境(包括物质、社会和语言语境)和话语潜在意义之间的相互制约与协调；强调研究言谈互动中的意义，就是强调意义构建的动态性，并社会因素和心理因素对话语生成与话语理解的作用，并关注说话人和听话人的能动作用。

《言谈互动中的意义：语用学引论》由英国托马斯所著，它不只是一本旨在介绍语用学基本内容的教科书，书中涉及颇多新解及对语用现象的独到观察，并对语用学研究中存在的诸多问题进行了评述。《言谈互动中的意义：语用学引论》对所涉及的语用学理论和术语都有溯源与透彻分析，章节思路清晰、语言流畅、深入浅出。这些是长期以来本书深受读者喜爱的重要原因。

Preface

Acknowledgements

1 What is pragmatics?

 1.1 Introduction

 1.2 Defining pragmatics

 1.3 From abstract meaning to contextual meaning

1.3.1 Assigning sense in context

1.3.2 Assigning reference in context

1.3.3 Structural ambiguity

1.3.4 Interaction of sense, reference and structure

1.3.5 Ambiguity and intentionality

 1.4 Utterance meaning: the first level of speaker, meaning

1.4.1 Importance of utterance meaning

 1.5 Force: the second level of speaker meaning

1.5.1 Understanding both utterance meaning and force

1.5.2 Understanding utterance meaning:but not force

1.5.3 Understanding force but not utterance meaning

1.5.4 Understandingneither utterance meaning ,nor force

1.5.5 Interrelationship of utterance meaning: and force

 1.6 Definitions of pragmatics (revisited)

1.6.1 Speaker meaning

1.6.2 Utterance interpretation

1.6.3 Pragmatics: meaning in interaction

 1.7 Summary

2 Speech acts

 2.1 J.L.Austin

 2.2 Ordinary language philosophy

 2.3 Logical positivism and truth conditional semantics

 2.4 The performative hypothesis

2.4.1 Metalinguistic performatives

2.4.2 Ritual performatives

 2.4.2.1 Felicity conditions

 2.4.2.2 Explicit reference to felicity conditions

2.4.3 Collaborative pefformatives

2.4.4 Group performatives

2.4.5 Overlap of categories

2.4.6 Cross-cultural differences in use ofperformatives

2.4.7 Collapse of Austin's performative hypothesis

 2.4.7.1 The grammatical distinctiveness of pefformatives

 2.4.7.2 Do performatives always perform actions?

 2.4.7.3 How to do things without performative verbs

2.4.8 Explicit and implicit performatives

 2.5 Utterances as actions

2.5.1 Locution, illocution, perlocution

2.5.2 Speech acts

 2.6 Conclusion

3 Conversational implicature

 3.1 Introduction

 3.2 H.P.Gricc

 3.3 Implicature

3.3.1 Conventional implicature

3.3.2 Conversational implicature

3.3.3 Implicature and inference

 3.4 The Cooperative Principle

 3.5 The four conversational maxims

3.5.1 Observing the maxims

3.5.2 Non-observance of the maxims

 3.6 Flouting a maxim

 3.6.1 Flouts necessitated by a clash between maxims

3.6.2 Flouts which exploit a maxim

 3.6.2.1 Flouts exploiting the maxim of Quality

 3.6.2.2 Flouts exploiting the maxim of Quantity

 3.6.2.3 Flouts exploiting the maxim of Relation

 3.6.2.4 Flouts exploiting the maxim of Manner

 3.7 Other categories of non-observance of the conversational maxims

3.7.1 Violating a maxim

3.7.2 Infringing a maxim

3.7.3 Opting out of a maxim

3.7.4 Suspending a maxim

 3.8 Testing for implicature

3.8.1 Non-detachability and non-conventionality

3.8.2 Implicature changes

3.8.3 Calculability

3.8.4 Defeasibility

 3.9 Conclusion

4 Approaches to pragmatics

 4.1 Introduction

 4.2 Problems with Grice's theory

4.2.1 When is non-obServance, intentional?

4.2.2 Distinguishing between types of non, observance

4.2.3 Different nature of maxims

4.2.4 Maxims may overlap

4.2.5 Problems, of calculability

 4.3 Grice's informal approach

 4.4 J.R.Searle

4.4.1 Indirect speech acts

4.4.2 Searle's conditions for speech acts

 4.4.2.1 Distinguishing speech acts

 4.4.2.2 Plugging the gaps in Searle's rules

 4.4.2.3 The speech act of apologizing: a case study

 4.4.2.4 Over-generality of rules

 4.4.2.5 The speech act of warning: a case study

 4.5 Searle's formal approach to the categorization of speech acts

 4.6 Rules versus principles

4.6.1 Rules are all or nothing, principles are more or less

4.6.2 Rules are exclusive, principles can co-occur

4.6.3 Rules are constitutive, principles are regulative

4.6.4 Rules are definite, principles are probabilistic

4.6.5 Rules are conventional, principles are motivated

 4.7 Conclusion

5 Pragmatics and indirectness

 5.1 Introduction

 5.2 Pragmatics and indirectness

5.2.1 Intentional indirectness

5.2.2 Indirectness is costly and risky

5.2.3 Assumption of rationality

5.2.4 The principle ofexpressibility

5.2.5 Indirectness- an illustration

 5.3 How do we know how indirect to be?

5.3.1 Power

5.3.2 Social distance

5.3.3 Size of imposition

5.3.4 Rights and obligations

5.3.5 The negotiation of pragmatic parameters

 5.4 Measuring indirectness

5.4.1 The role of context in. interpreting indirectness

5.4.2 The role of belief in interpreting indirectness

5.4.3 Background knowledge and interpreting indirectness

5.4.4 The role of co-text in interpreting indirectness

5.4.5 Goals and the interpretation of indirectness

 5.5 Why use indirectness?

5.5.1 Interestingness

5.5.2 Increasing the force of one's message

5.5.3 Competing goals

 5.6 Conclusion

6 Theories of politeness

 6.1 Introduction

 6.2 Delimiting the conccpt of politeness

6.2.1 Politeness as a real-world goal

6.2.2 Deference versus politeness

6.2.3 Register

6.2.4 Politeness as an utterance level phenomenon

6.2.5 Politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon

 6.3 Politeness explained in, terms of principles and maxims

6.3.1 Ambivalence and politeness

6.3.2 Pragmatic principles

 6.3.2.1 The Tact maxim

 6.3.2.2 The GenerosiW maxim

 6.3.2.3 The Approbation maxim

 6.3.2.4 The Modesty maxim

 6.3.2.5 The Agreement maxim

 6.3.2.6 The Pollyanna Principle

6.3.3 Problems with Leech's approach

 6.4 Politeness and the management of face

6.4.1 Face-threatening acts

 6.4.1.1 Supcrstratcgics for pcrforming face-threatening acts

 6.4.1.2 Performing an FTA without any redress (bald-on-record)

 6.4.1.3 Performing an FTA with redress (positive politeness)

 6.4.1.4 Performing an FTA with redress (negative politeness)

 6.4.1.5 Performing an FTA using off-record politeness

 6.4.1.6 Do not perform FTA

6.4.2 Criticisms of Brown and Levinson

 6.5 Politeness viewed as a conversational contract

 6.6 Politeness measured along pragmatic scales

 6.7 Conclusion

7 The construction of meaning

 7.1 Introduction

 7.2 How does pragmatics fit into linguistics?

 7.3 Pragmatics versus sociolinguistics

7.3.1 Overlap between pragmatics and sociolinguistics

 7.4 Activity types versus speech events

 7.5 The construction of meaning

7.5.1 Pragmatic ambivalence

7.5.2 The collaborative nature of speech acts

7.5.3 The negotiability of force

7.5.4 Preparing the ground for a speech act

7.5.5 Successive utterances in situated discourse

7.5.6 Discoursal ambivalence

7.5.7 Dynamic pragmatics

 7.6 What counts as evidence in pragmatics?

7.6.1 Perlocutionary effect

7.6.2 Explicit commentary by speaker

7.6.3 Explicit commentary by others

7.6.4 Co-text (subsequent discourse)

 7.7 Conclusion

References

Index of Names

Index of Subjects