Abstract
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Preliminary Remarks
1.2 A Broad Preview of Scalar Implicatures
1.3 Rationale of the Present Research
1.4 Objectives of the Current Research
1.5 Significance of the Current Research
1.6 Layout of the Book
Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Gricean Framework of Meaning Classification
2.3 Grice's Theory of Implicatures: The Cooperative Principle
2.4 Two Mainstream Approaches to Scalar Implicature
2.4.1 The Neo-Gricean Approach
2.4.2 The Post-Gricean Approach
2.5 Interim Summary
2.6 Scalar Implicatures in Experimental Pragmatics
2.7 Problems with the Previous Accounts
2.8 Summary
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Empirical Observation
3.3 Cognitive Orientation
3.3.1 Conceptual Scales
3.3.2 Pragmatic Scales as Conceptual Scales
3.3.3 Scalar Models
3.3.4 Two Properties of Scalar Models
3.3.5 Four Major Kinds of Scalar Logic
3.4 Pragmatic Constraints on Scalar Implicatures
3.5 Summary
Chapter Four Scalar Implicatures via Polarity Items
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polarity Sensitivity of Polarity Items
4.2.1 Polarity Items
4.2.2 Polarity Context
4.3 The Semantic Approaches to Polarity Items
4.3.1 Affectivity as Downward Entailment: Ladusaw (1979)
4.3.2 Affectivity as Negation. Baker (1970) and Linebarger (1980)
4.4 Scalar Model of Polarity Items (SMP)
4.4.1 The Journey Through the Study of Scalar Model
4.4.2 The Initial SMP
4.4.3 Comments on the Initial SMP
4.4.4 The Revised SMP
4.4.5 Comparison Between the Initial SMP and the Revised SMP
4.4.6 Cognitive Understanding of the Revised SMP
4.4.7 Comments on the Revised SMP
4.5 Supplements to the Revised SMP
4.5.1 The Pragmatic Constraints on the Revised SMP
4.5.2 Solutions to the Three Untouched Issues
4.6 Summary
Chapter Five Scalar Implicatures via Even as a Scalar Operator
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A General Survey of Previous Studies on Even
5.2.1 The Argumentative Approach to Even
5.2.2 The Semantic Approaches to Even
5.2.3 The Pragmatic Approaches to Even
5.2.4 The Scalar Approaches to Even
5.3 A Dynamic Cognitive-pragmatic Approach to Even
5.3.1 Relevance-oriented Procedural Meaning of Even
5.3.2 Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales and the Dynamic Scalar Interpretation of Even-sentences
5.4 Summary
Chapter Six Scalar Implicatures via Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hyperbolic Metaphors and Their Classifications
6.2.1 Definition of Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.2.2 Two Types of Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.3 Class-inclusion Theory and Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.3.1 Identification of Novel Metaphors
6.3.2 The Standard Pragmatic Theory of Metaphor Comprehension
6.3.3 Class-inclusion Theory of Metaphor Comprehension
6.4 Scalar Implicatures of Hyperbole
6.4.1 Two Basic Computational Rules for Scalar Implicature
6.4.2 The Great Chain of Being
6.4.3 Scalar Implicature of Hyperbole
6.5 Scalar Implicature of Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.5.1 Construction of Ad hoc Categories and Ad hoc Pragmatic Scales
6.5.2 Scalar Implicature of Novel Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.5.3 Revisiting Glucksberg's Classic Examples
6.6 Scalar Implicature of Conventionalized Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.6.1 Drawbacks of Lakoff et al's Conceptual Metaphor Theory
6.6.2 Counterfactual Thinking
6.6.3 Scalar Implicature of Conventionalized Hyperbolic Metaphors
6.7 Summary
Chapter Seven Conclusion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Summary of the Major Findings
7.2.1 Findings Relating to the Extended Theory of Scalar Implicatures
7.2.2 Findings Concerning the Applications of the Extended Theory of Scalar Implicatures
7.3 Practical Implications of the Current Research
7.4 Limitations of the Current Research
7.4.1 Limitations in the Source of Data
7.4.2 Limitations in the Explications of the Findings
7.5 Suggestions for Further Study
References