The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English is an entirely new grammar of American and British English-from the language of conversation to the language of academic textbooks. There are no made-up examples in this groundbreaking new-gramar. The authors began. not with preconceived notions of the grmmar of English. but with a huge bank of language data，the Longman Corpus Network.

The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English is an entirely new grammar of American and British English-from the language of conversation to the language of academic textbooks. There are no made-up examples in this groundbreaking new-gramar. The authors began. not with preconceived notions of the grmmar of English. but with a huge bank of language data，the Longman Corpus Network.

A six-year research project brought together the linguistic expertise of an intenational author team-all acknowledged experts in the field of corpus linguistics and grammar.

The result of this research is the present volume. Many points of traditional grammar are confirmed. but now on the basis of much larger amounts of statistical data than ever before. Some aspects of traditional grammar are challenged by this book，and some new findings. not even suspected before now，will surprise and interest the reader.

What makes this book so special is that it turns English inside out. Professor Douglas Biber's research team tagged and parsed the structures in the Corpus. This analysis revealed the degree to which different grammatical features of language vary according to the type of language. The way language is used in conversation is quite different from the waylanguage is used in fiction，which in turn isoften very different from the grammatical characteristics of newspapers or academic books.

SECTION A Introductory

 1 Introduction：a corpus-based approach to English grammar

1.1 introduction

1.2 Structure and use in English grammar

1.3 Varieties of English

1.4 Representation of varieties in the LSWE Corpus

1.5 Description of the register categories in the LSWE Corpus

1.6 Grammatical analysis of the LSWE Corpus

1.7 Quantitative findings in the grammar

1.8 Functional interpretation of quantitative findings

1.9 Overview of the grammar

1.10 Potential users and uses of the LGSWE

SECTION B Basic grammar：description and distribution

 2 Word and phrase grammar

2.1 The nature of grammatical units

2.2 Words and their characteristics

2.3 Survey of lexical words

2.3 Survey of function words

2.5 Survey of inserts

2.6 Phrases and their characteristics

2.7 Types of phrase

2.8 Embedding of phrases

2.9 Coordination of phrases

2.10 Simple v.complex phrases

 3 aause grammar

3.1 Clause v.non-clausal material

3.2 Major clause elements

3.3 Clause links

3.4 Peripheral elements

3.5 Major clause patterns

3.6 Variations on clause patterns

3.7 Ellipsis

3.8 Negation

3.9 Subject-verb concord

3.10 Types of dependent clauses

3.11 Finite dependent clauses

3.12 Non-finite clauses

3.13 Major types of independent clauses

3.14 Unembedded dependent clauses

3.15 Non-clausal material

SECTION C Key word classes and their phrases

 4 Nouns，pronouns，and the simple noun phrase

4.1 Overview of nominals in discourse

4.2 The basic structure of noun-headed phrases

4.3 Types of nouns

4.4 Determiners

4.5 Number

4.6 Case

4.7 Gender

4.8 Noun formation

4.9 The role of pronouns in discourse

4.10 Personal pronouns

4.11 Possessive pronouns

4.12 Reflexive pronouns

4.13 Reciprocal pronouns

4.14 Demonstrative pronouns

4.15 Indefinite pronouns

4.16 Other pronouns

 5 Verbs

5.1 Major verb functions and classes

5.2 Single-word lexical verbs

5.3 Multi-word lexical verbs

5.4 Main and auxiliary functions of primary verbs

5.5 Copular verbs

 6 Variation in the verb phrase：tense，aspect，voice，and modality

6.1 Structure and meaning distinctions in the verb phrase

6.2 Tense

6.3 Aspect

6.4 Active and passive voice

6.5 Complex combinations of aspect and voice

6.6 Modals and semi-modals

6.7 Combinations of modal verbs with marked aspect or voice

6.8 Sequences of modals and semi-modals

 7 Adjectives and adverbs

7.1 Overview

7.2 Defining characteristics of adjectives

7.3 Semantic grouping of adjectives

7.4 Attributive adjectives

7.5 Predicative adjectives

7.6 Adjectives in other syntactic roles

7.7 Comparative and superlative degree

7.8 Comparative clauses and other degree complements

7.9 Formation of adjectives

7.10 Adjectives in combination

7.11 Overview of adverbs

7.12 The form of adverbs

7.13 Syntactic roles of adverbs

7.14 Semantic categories of adverbs

7.15 Discourse choices for degree adverbs as modifiers

SECTION D More complex structures

 8 Complex noun phrases

8.1 Overview

8.2 Structural types of premodification

8.3 Meaning relations expressed by noun + noun sequences

8.4 Noun phrases with multiple premodifiers

8.5 Restrictive v.non-restrictive postmodifiers

8.6 Major structural types of postmodification

8.7 Postmodification by finite relative clause

8.8 Postmodification by non-finite clause

8.9 Postmodification by prepositional phrase

8.10 Postmodification by appositive noun phrase

8.11 Noun phrases with multiple postmodiflers

8.12 Noun complement clauses v.nominal postmodifiers

8.13 Structural types of noun complement clause

8.14 Head nouns taking noun complement clauses

 9 The form and function of complement clauses

9.1 Overview

9.2 That-clauses

9.3 Wh-clauses

9.4 Infinitive clauses

9.5 Ing-clauses

9.6 Ellipsis and pro-form substitution in post-predicate complement clauses

9.7 Choice of complement clause type

 10 Adverbials

10.1 Overview

10.2 Circumstance adverbials

10.3 Stance adverbials

10.4 Linking adverbials

SECTION Grammar in a wider perspective

 11 Word order and related syntactic choices

11.1 Overview

11.2 Word order

11.3 The passive

11.4 Existential there

11.5 Dislocation

11.6 Clefting

11.7 Syntactic choices in conversation v.academic prose

 12 The grammatical marking of stance

12.1 Overview

12.2 Major grammatical devices used to express stance

12.3 Major semantic distinctions conveyed by stance markers

12.4 Attribution of stance to the speaker or writer

12.5 Register differences in the marking of stance

 13 Lexical expressions in speech and writing

13.1 Overview

13.2 Lexical bundles

13.3 Idiomatic phrases

13.4 Free combinations of verb + particle

13.5 Coordinated binomial phrases

14 The grammar of conversation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Performance phenomena：dysfluency and error

14.3 The constructional principles of spoken grammar

14.4 Selected topics in conversational grammar

Appendix

Endnotes

Bibliography

LexicaIindex

Conceptual index

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