“以器官系统为中心”的医学教学模式是国际医学教育的趋势。本系列书是世界著名医药卫生出版集团爱思唯尔公司出版的一套“以器官系统为中心”的医学基础课程教材。该套教材第1版出版后受到世界各地许多医学院校的欢迎，并被多家进行“以器官系统为中心”教学的医学院校选定为教材。第2版根据第1版出版后教师和学生的反馈意见，结合医学知识的更新进行了全新修订。在编写内容上，该系列教材强调基础与临床的整合。每一章节都是围绕着一个临床病例展开，通过对病人问题的呈现以及解决过程引出对相关知识的探究，从而使与器官系统结构、功能以及疾病相关的重要的基础医学知识得到了完善的整合。在版式安排上，图框中的病例资料与正文中的医学知识完美匹配，一步一步地激起读者的求知欲望。本册为《神经系统》。

1 ORGANIZATION OFTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1

 Introduction 2

 Overview of brain anatomy 2

 Internal anatomy of the brain 5

 Ventricular system 10

 Forebrain 11

 Hemisphere specialization 12

 Limbic system 14

 Orbitofrontal cortex 17

 Basal ganglia 17

 Diencephalon 17

 Thalamus 18

 Hypothalamus 19

 Peripheral nervous system 21

 Putting it all together: from anatomy to behaviour 29

2 ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE 31

 Introduction 32

 Neurones 32

 Glial cells 34

 Neurone excitability 35

 Neurotransmitters 41

 Postsynaptic events and postsynaptic receptors 42

3 CLINICAL EXAMINATION 47

 Introduction 48

 Parts of the clinical examination 48

 Other investigations 55

 General comments 57

4 THE SPINAL CORD 59

 Introduction 60

 Gross anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral

 column 60

 Functional organization of the spinal cord 61

 Spinal cord cell types 63

 Receptive fields 64

 Somatosensory pathways 65

 Blood supply to the spinal cord 71

 Damage to the spinal cord 72

 Comments on the case history 78

5 PAIN AND ANALGESIA 79

 Introduction 80

 Nociceptors 81

 Pain pathways 82

 How does the central nervous system interpret a

 stimulus as painful? 84

 Physiology of pain modulation 86

 Pain mechanisms after tissue damage: peripheral and

 central sensitization 90

 Neuropathic pain mechanisms 92

 Pharmacology of pain 93

 Other approaches to pain management 99

 General comments on pain management 104

6 CRANIAL NERVES AND THE BRAINSTEM 105

 Introduction 106

 Anatomical organization of cranial nerves in the brain 106

 Internal organization of the brainstem 107

 Reticular formation 109

 Blood supply to the brainstem ~12

 Brainstem reflexes 112

 Brainstem lesions 116

 Comments on the case history 118

7 THE VISUAL SYSTEM 121

 Introduction 122

 Structure of the eye 122

 Visual pathways 125

 Visual field defects 127

 Pupillary light reflexes 127

 Focusing of light on the retina 127

 Control of eye movements 130

 Structure and function of the retina 131

 Processing of visual information 137

 Summary 140

8 HEARING AND BALANCE: THE AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEMS 141

 Introduction 142

 The auditory system 142

 The vestibular system 152

 Comments on the case history 158

9 MOTOR SYSTEMS h DESCENDING PATHWAYS AND CEREBELLUM 159

 Introduction 160

 Skeletal muscle contraction 161

 Reflexes 164

 Descending pathways 167

 Clinical importance of reflexes 172

 The cerebellum 175

10 MOTOR SYSTEMS II: THE BASAL GANGLIA 181

 Introduction 182

 The basal ganglia: structure and organization 182

 Parkinson's disease 184

 Huntington's disease 194

11 STROKE AND HEAD iNJURY 199

 Introduction 200

 Physiological control of cdrebral blood flow 200

 Blood supply to the brain 201

 Venous system 204

 Functional anatomy of the cerebral vasculature 205

 Angiography 206

 Stroke 206

 Head injury 219

 Comments on the case history 225

12 INFECTION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 227

 Introduction 228

 Types of infection of the central nervous system 228

 The meninges 229

 Cerebrospinal fluid production and circulation 230

 The blood-brain barrier 232

 Meningitis 232

 Diagnosis and treatment of meningitis 234

 Treatment of meningitis 235

 Encephalitis 235

 Cerebral abscesses 235

 Brain infections in the immunocompromised patient 236

13 EPILEPSY 237

 Introduction 238

 General description of epilepsy 238

 Epidemiology of epilepsy 238

 Types o.f epileptic syndrome 239

 Diagnostic investigations of epilepsy 239

 Different types of seizure 242

 Neurobiology of epilepsy 243

 Pharmacological treatment of epilepsy 246

 Other treatments for epilepsy 248

 Treatment of status epilepticus 249

 Social consequences of epilepsy 249

14 DEMENTIA 251

 Introduction 252

 Causes and diagnosis of dementia 252

 Neurobiology of learning and memory 253

 Alzheimer's disease 256

 Treatment of Alzheimer's disease 261

 Other types of dementia 263

 General considerations in the management of

 Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia 265

15 SCHIZOPHRENIA 267

 Introduction 268

 Schizophrenia: the clinical diagnosis 268

 Aetiology of schizophrenia 271

 Neurobiology of schizophrenia 272

 Treatment of schizophrenia 275

 Comments on the management of schizophrenia and the long-term prognosis 278

 Other psychoses and schizophrenia-like syndromes 279

16 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 281

 Introduction 282

 Classification o~ mood disorders 282

 Clinical features of mood disorders 282

 Epidemiology of depression and natural evolution of the disease 283

 Genetics of mood disorders 283

 Neurobiology of depression 286

 Treatment of depression 287

 Bipolar disorder and its treatment 292

 General comments on mood disorders 293

 Need for new therapeutic targets 294

 Comments on the case history 294

 Anxiety disorders 294

 Treatment of anxiety disorders 295

 Insomnia 297

17 ADDICTION 301

 Introduction 302

 Addiction and drug misuse: general comments 302

 Opiates 302

 Cocaine and crack 304

 Cannabis 305

 Nicotine 307

 Alcohol 308

 Phencyclidine 309

 Amphetamines 310

 Ecstasy--or the beginning of agony? 310

 Hallucinogens 311

 Solvents 311

 Neurobiology of addiction 312

 Addiction and rehabilitation: general issues 313

Index 315