Policing is in a profound period of change, the result of recent government reform, a renewed drive for professionalism as well as the need to adapt to a rapidly changing society. This book provides a highly readable and up to date introduction to the work of the police, exploring what this currently involved and the directions it may be going in. It is designed for student police officers starting their probation and training, students studying public or uniformed service courses in colleges, students taking undergraduate courses in policing and criminal justice - and anybody else who wants to know about policing today.The book describes all the key elements of policing work. The first two parts look at how the police functions as an organization, with chapters devoted to important new areas of crime reduction partnerships and forensic support in investigation and enforcement.

List of figures and tables

List of abbreviations

Notes on contributors

Special features of the book

Foreword by Peter Neyroud (Chief Constable and

  Chief Executive, NPIA)

Preface by Dick Winterton (Chief Executive, Skills for Justice)

Part 1 The Police Framework

1 The Police Organisation

1.1 A brief history of the police

1.2 The criminal justice sector and the police service

1.3 The organisation of police forces

1.4 What is the police service for?

1.5 The Home Office, the National Police Plan and the

     performance of police forces

1.6 What do the public think of the police?

1.7 Reassurance, effectiveness and efficiency

1.8 Policing by consent

1.9 Themes in modern policing

2 The Probationer Officer

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Initial Police Learning and Development Programme

     (IPLDP)

2.3 Community engagement

2.4 Competencies and standards

2.5 Professional Development Units

2.6 Approaches to adult learning

2.7 Role play

2.8 Reflective practice

2.9 The experimental learning cycle

2.10 Action planning

2.11 Pre-reads and distance learning packages

2.12 Further considerations

3 Communication

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Communication with the public

3.3 Communication and the fight against crime

3.4 Communicating with the public about major incidents

3.5 Communication within the police service

3.6 Communication between the police service and

     other agencies

4 Study Skills

4.1 The study skills needed by probationer officers

4.2 Essay writing

4.3 Report writing

4.4 Referencing

4.5 Research

4.6 The use and abuse of statistics

4.7 Police-related journals

Part 2 Supporting Police Work

5 Ethical Policing Values

5.1 Introductions

5.2 Ethics

5.3 Conflict between organisational and personal ethics

5.4 Impact of current changes upon UK police ethics and values

5.5 Applying police ethics

5.6 Human Rights Act 1998 and the police service

6 Race, Diversity and Equal Opportunities

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The complexity and diversity of communities

6.3 Prejudice

6.4 Discrimination

6.5 Anti-discrimination law

6.6 Institutional racism

6.7 Identifying a racist or homophobic incident

6.8 Conclusion

7 The Basic Command Unit

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The purpose of the BCU

7.3 Structure

7.4 Uniformed police staff

7.5 Frontline services

7.6 Support services

7.7 Response policing

7.8 Community policing teams

7.9 Neighbourhood policing

7.10 Community consultation

7.11 Police staff

7.12 Other police support services

7.13 Criminal Investigation Department

7.14 Public protection

7.15 Criminal justice

7.16 Crime and Disorder Partnerships

7.17 National Intelligence Model

7.18 Finance

7.19 Performance measurement

7.20 The National Policing Improvement Agency

7.21 Conclusion

8 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships

8.1 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships

8.2 Consultation

8.3 Developing a crime-reduction strategy

8.4 What exactly do we mean by crime and disorder reduction?

8.5 The opportunity to commit crime and disorder

8.6 The motivated offender

8.7 Repeat victimisation

8.8 The Problem Analysis Triangle

8.9 Neighbourhood policing teams

8.10 The extended policing family

8.11 Conclusion

9 Forensic Support in Law Enforcement

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Range of scientific and technical support available to the

     police service

9.3 Scientific evidence

9.4 Police officers as gatherers and preservers of

     forensic evidence

9.5 Police science and technology strategy

9.6 Crime analysis

9.7 Use of HOLMES in major investigations

9.8 Cyber crime

9.9 The future

Part 3 Practical Police Work

10 Criminal Investigations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Why should the police investigate professionally?

10.3 What is an investigation?

10.4 The role of the criminal investigator

10.5 What legislation covers criminal investigations?

10.6 The Professionalising Investigation Programme (PIP)

10.7 The Serious Organised Crime Agency

10.8 Reactive and proactive criminal investigation

10.9 Covert investigations

10.10 The National Intelligence Model

10.11 Features of crimes

10.12 Material

10.13 The golden hour and the early stages

10.14 Victims and witnesses

10.15 Interviewing witnesses

10.16 Investigative knowledge

11 Drug and Alcohol Related Crime

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Drugs and drug crime

11.3 Legislation and drugs

11.4 Policing drug-related crime

11.5 Analysis of drugs: how do we know what drug it is?

11.6 Basic facts about drinking and its effects

11.7 Legislation related to alcohol

11.8 Drink and crime

11.9 Government strategy

11.10 Drinking and driving

12 Anti-Social Behaviour

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The impact of anti-social behaviour

12.3 Tackling anti-social behaviour

12.4 Problems of defining anti-social behaviour

12.5 Officially defining anti-social behaviour

12.6 Local definitions of anti-social behaviour

12.7 Why do we have anti-social behaviour?

12.8 What can be done to deal with anti-social behaviour?

12.9 Prevention

12.10 Intervention

12.11 Acceptable Behaviour Contracts

12.12 Youth Offending Teams

12.13 Parenting contract

12.14 Referring a child for a parenting contract

12.15 Failure to comply

12.16 Different types of Parenting Order

12.17 Requirements of a Parenting Order

12.18 Breach of a Parenting Order

12.19 Anti-social Behaviour Orders

12.20 Who can apply for an ASBO?

12.21 Against whom can an ASBO be made?

12.22 Who can make an Anti-Social Behaviour Order?

12.23 What does and ASBO do?

12.24 Breach of an ASBO

12.25 Types of ASBO

12.26 Dispersal Orders

12.27 Other measures that can be used against anti-

     social behaviour

12.28 Victim and witness support

12.29 Hearsay evidence

12.30 Professional witnesses

12.31 Special Measures

12.32 Conclusion

13 Operational Response

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Safety and liability

13.3 Responding to unplanned events

13.4 Planned events and targeted operations

13.5 Communicating pre-planned operational information

13.6 Debriefing police operations

13.7 Conclusion

14 Arrests

14.1 What is an arrest?

14.2 Reasonable grounds to suspect

14.3 Powers of arrest

14.4 Human Rights Act 1998

14.5 Necessity test

14.6 What an arrested person must be told

14.7 Use of force when making an arrest

14.8 Searching arrested people

15 The Custody Suite

15.1 Police detention

15.2 Custody officers

15.3 Custody records

15.4 Risk assessments and deaths in police custody

15.5 Detainees' entitlements

15.6 Detention times

15.7 Methods of prosecution

15.8 Bail

15.9 Detention after charge

16 Roads Policing

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Road safety and roads policing strategy

16.3 Denying criminals use of the roads by enforcing the law

16.4 Reducing road casualties

16.5 Tackling the threat of terrorism

16.6 Reducing anti-social use of the roads

16.7 Enhancing public confidence and reassurance by

     patrolling the roads

16.8 Working in partnership

16.9 Human rights

17 Terrorism

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Government response to terrorism

17.3 The police officer's role in anti-terrorism

17.4 Protecting businesses against terrorism

17.5 Example of a terrorist group: A1 Qaeda

17.6 Anti-terrorism: accountability and control

18 Future Directions

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Demands on the police

18.3 Police training

Index