Preface xiii
SECTION 1
Introductory Materials
Concepts 1
Chapter 1 Structure and Properties
1.1 Atomic Packing
Atomic Size
1.2 Crystal Structure
Lattice Parameters
Crystal Planes and Axes
Allotropic Forms
Structure of Nonmetallic Solids
Ionic Crystal Structures
Covalent Crystal Structures
Amorphous and Polymer
Structures
1.3 Grain Structure
1.4 Mechanical Properties and Testing
Theory of Mechanical
Properties
1.5 Physical Properties
Electrical and Magnefic
Properties
1.6 Characteristics of Unalloyed Solids
The IA or Alkali Metals
The IB or Noble Metals
The IlB Metals
The Light Metals
The Transition MetalS
Metals of High Valence
Semiconductors
Problems
References
Chapter 2 Deterioration of Material Properties
2.1 Fracture in a Ductile Material
2.2 Fracture in a Btittle Material
2.3 Suppression of Brittle Fracture
Temperature
Composition and Grain Size
Environment
Stress Distribution
2.4 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
2.5 Property Deterioration at High Temperature
2.6 Property Deterioration from Cyclic Loading
Problems
References
SECTION 2 Strengthening Mechanisms
Chapter 3 Solid-Solution Strengthening
3.1 Formation of Solid Solutions
3.2 Mechanism of Solidification
3.3 Solidifcation of Pure Metals
3.4 Solidification of Metal Alloys
3.5 Diflusion
General Laws
Laws of Diffusion
Temperature Dependence of the Diffusion
Coefficient
3.6 Segregation in Metal Alloys Zone Refining
3.7 Real Solid Solutions
3.8 General Properties of Solid Solutions
Solute Strengthening
Grain Strengthening
Electrical Properties of SolidSolutions
Problems
References
Chapter 4 DeformatiOn Hardening and Annealing
4.1 Plasticity of Metals
Plasticity of Single Crystals
Dislocation Theory of Plastic Flow
Twinning
Deformation of Polycrystalline
Materials
4.2 Property Changes in Deformation-Hardened Metals
Strain Hardening
VariablesAffecting StrainHardening
Property Changes from Strain
Hardening
4.3 Annealing
Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain Growth
Factors Influencing Annealing
4.4 Property Changes in Annealed Metals Hot Working
4.5 Preferred Orientation and Directional
Properties
Problems
References
Chapter 5 Multiphase Strengthening
5.1 Binary Eutectics
5.2 Intermetallic Compounds
5.3 Multicomponent Eutectics
5.4 Microstructure of Multiphase Materials
Cooling-Rate Variables
Shape Variables of Eutectic
Structures
Eutectic Microstructures
5.5 Generalized Properties of Multiphase Materials
Problems
References
Chapter 6 Precipitation Hardening
6.1 General Mechanism of Precipitation Hardening
6.2 Precipitation from Solid Solution
6.3 Stages of Precipitation Hardening
6.4 Variables Affecting Precipitation Hardening
Time and Temperature
Concentration of Solute and Presence of Other Elements
6.5 Precipitation Hardening of Cu-Be
Alloys
Problems
References
Chapter 7 Martensitic Transformation
7.1 The Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram
7.2 Alloys of Iron and Carbon
Terminology
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium
7.3 Microstructure of Nonhardened Steel
7.4 Heat Treatment of Eutectoid Steel
Formation of Austenite
Transformation of Austenite to Pearlite
Formation of Bainite
7.5 The Martensite Transformation
7.6 Heat Treatment of Noneutectoid Steels
7.7 Physical Property Changes During Martensite Formation
7.8 Tempering of Martensite
7.9 Microstructure of Isothermally Transformed Steel
7.10 Generalized Properties of Heat-Treated Steels
Normalized and Annealed Steels
Problems
References
SECTION 3 Metallic Materials Engineering
Chapter 8 Low-Carbon Steels
8.1 Terms Related to Steelmaking Processes
8.2 Grain Size of Steel
8.3 Nonhardenable Low-Carbon Steels
Porcelain Enameled Ware
Automobile-Body Stock
Tin Plate
Heavy Steel Plates for Ships and Tanks
Steels for Low-Temperature Service
Structural Shapes and Pipe
8.4 High-Strength.Low-Alloy(HSLA) Steels
8.5 Welding of Low-Carbon Steel
8.6 Surface Hardening of Low-Carbon Steel
Problems
References
Chapter 9 Medium-Carbon Steels
9.1 Classification of Medium-CarbOn Steels
9.2 Hardenable Carbon Steels
9.3 Hardenable Alloy Steels
9.4 Austempering and Marquenching
Marquenching
9.5 Ultra-High-Strength Steels
9.6 Special Processing of Steel
Problems
References
Chapter 10 High-Carbon Steels
10.1 Classification of High-Carbon Steels
10.2 Heat Treatment of High.Carbon Steels
Transformation Diagrams
Tempering
SurfaceEffects upon Hardening
Dimensional Changes
10.3 Cemented Carbides
Problems
References
Chapter 11 Stainless Steels
11.1 Phase Diagrams of Stainless Steels
11.2 Stainless-Steel Alloy Designations
11.3 Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels
Precipitation-Hardenable Stainless Steels
11.4 Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels
11.5 Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels
Problems
References
Chapter 12 Cast Irons
12.1 Cast Iron(Fe-C-Si)Phase Diagram
12.2 Gray Cast Iron Solidification
12.3 Ductile Cast Iron Solidification
12.4 Concepts of Graphitization in Cast Iron
12.5 Properties of Cast Irons
Problems
References
Chapter 13 Aluminum Alloys
13.1 Work-Hardenable Wrought Aluminum Alloys
13.2 Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys
13.3 Cast Aluminum Alloys
13.4 Residual Stresses in Aluminum Alloys
13.5 Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Physical Metallurgy of Al-Li Alloys
Problems
References
Chapter 14 Copper and Copper Alloys
14.1 Copper Alloy Designations
14.2 Unalloyed Coppers
14.3 Brasses:CU-Zn Alloys
The Cu-Zn Phase Diagram
Microstructures of Two-Phase Brasses
Theory of Two-Phase
Microstructures
Wrought Brasses
14.4 Tin Bronzes:Cu-Sn Alloys
14.5 Silicon and Aluminum Bronzes
14.6 Cast Copper-Base Alloys
Problems
References
Chapter 15 Magnesium Alloys
15.1 Magnesium Alloy Designations
Pertinent Phase Diagrams
Magnesium Alloy Identification
15.2 The Nature of Magnesium Alloying
15.3 Cast Magnesium Alloys
Grain-Size Control of Cast Alloys
Pressure Die-Cast Magnesium Alloys
15.4 Properties of Magnesium Alloys
Problems
References
Chapter 16 Titanium Alloys
16.1 Unalloyed Titanium
16.2 Phase Diagrams of Titanium Alloys
16.3 Heat Tlreatment of Titanium Alloys
16.4 Properties of Titanium Alloys
Effect of a Morphology
16.5 Applications of Titanium Alloys
Problems
References
Chapter 17 Metals for High-Temperature Service
17.1 High-Temperature Performance of Refractory Metals
Mechanical Properties
Oxidation Behavior
17.2 Nickel-and Iron-Base Superalloys
17.3 Cobalt-Base Superalloys
17.4 Vanadium.Niobium.and Tantalum
Vanadium
Niobium(Columbium)
Tantalum
17.5 Chromium,Molybdenum,and Tungsten
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
17.6 Refractory Metal Coatings
Problems
References
SECTION 4 Nonmetallic Materials and Composites Engineering
Chapter 18 Engineering Polymers
18.1 Bonding and Structure in Polymers
18.2 Generalized Properties of Polymers
18.3 Olefin,Vinyl,and Related Polymers
18.4 Thermoplastic Polymers
18.5 Thermosetting Polymers
18.6 Elastomeric Polymers
Problems
References
Chapter 19 Ceramics and Glasses
19.1 A Ceramic Phase Diagram(A1203-Si02)
19.2 Traditional Ceramics:Clay,Refractories, and Abrasives
Clay
Refractories
Abrasives
19.3 Structure and Properties of Engineering
Ceramics
Coatings
19.4 Characteristics of Glass
Problems
References
Chapter 20 Composite Materials 425
20.1 Forms and Properties of Composite Reinforcing Materials
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fibers
Aramid Fibers
Metal and Ceramic Fibers
20.2 Forms and Properties of Composite Matrix Materials
Polymer Matrix Resins
Prepregs
20.3 Metal Matrix Composites
Continuous Fiber-Reinforced
MMCs
Discontinuous Fiber-Reinforced
MMCS
20.4 Polymer Matrix Composites
20.5 Ceramic Matrix Composites
20.6 Carbon and Graphite Composites
Problems
References
Index