1. Introduction and Basic Principles
1.1 Historical Development
1.2 The Electron Mean Free Path
1.3 Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy
1.4 Experimental Aspects
1.5 Very High Resolution
1.6 The Theory of Photoemission
1.6.1 Core-Level Photoemission
1.6.2 Valence-State Photoemission
1.6.3 Three-Step and One-Step Considerations
1.7 Deviations from the Simple Theory of Photoemission
References
2. Core Levels and Final States
2.1 Core-Level Binding Energies in Atoms and Molecules
2.1.1 The Equivalent-Core Approximation
2.1.2 Chemical Shifts
2.2 Core-Level Binding Energies in Solids
2.2.1 The Born-Haber Cycle in Insulators
2.2.2 Theory of Binding Energies
2.2.3 Determination of Binding Energies and Chemical Shifts from Thermodynamic Data
2.3 Core Polarization
2.4 Final-State Multiplets in Rare-Earth Valence Bands
2.5 Vibrational Side Bands
2.6 Core Levels of Adsorbed Molecules
2.7 Quantitative Chemical Analysis from Core-Level Intensities
References
3. Charge-Excitation Final States: Satellites
3.1 Copper Dihalides; 3d Transition Metal Compounds
3.1.1 Characterization of a Satellite
3.1.2 Analysis of Charge-Transfer Satellites
3.1.3 Non-local Screening
3.2 The 6-eV Satellite in Nickel
3.2.1 Resonance Photoemission
3.2.2 Satellites in Other Metals
3.3 The Gunnarsson-Sch6nhammer Theory
3.4 Photoemission Signals and Narrow Bands in Metals
References
4. Continuous Satellites and Plasmon Satellites: XPS Photoemission in Nearly Free Electron Systems
4.1 Theory
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Core-Line Shape
4.1.3 Intrinsic Plasmons
4.1.4 Fxtrinsic FAectron Scattering: Plasmons and Background
411.5 The Total Photoelectron Spectrum
4.2 Experimental Results
4.2.1 The Core Line Without Plasmons
4.2.2 Core-Level Spectra Including Plasmoas
4.2.3 Valence-Band Spectra of the Simple Metals
4.2.4 Simple Metals: A General Comment
4.3 The Background Correction
References
5. Valence Orbitals in Simple Molecules and Insulating Solids
5.1 UPS Spectra of Monatomic Gases
5.2 Photoelectron Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
5.3 Binding Energy of the H2 Molecule
5.4 Hydrides Isoelectronic with Noble Gases
Neon (Ne)
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Methane (CH4)
5.5 Spectra of the Alkali HMides
5.6 Transition Metal Dihalides
5.7 Hydrocarbons
5.7.1 Guidelines for the Interpretation of Spectra from Free Molecules
5.7.2 Linear Polymers
5.8 Insulating Solids with Valence d Electrons
5.8.1 The NiO Problem
5.8.2 Mort Insulation
5.8.3 The Metal-Insulator Transition; the Ratio of the Correlation Energy and the Bandwidth; Doping
5.8.4 Band Structures of Transition Metal Compounds
5.9 High-Temperature Superconductors
5.9.1 Valence-Band Electronic Structure;Polycrystalline Samples
5.9.2 Dispersion Relations in High Temperature Superconductors; Single Crystals
5.9.3 The Superconducting Gap
5.9.4 Symmetry of the Order Parameter in the High-Temperature Superconductors
5.9.5 Core-Level Shifts
5.10 The Fermi Liquid and the Luttinger Liquid
5.11 Adsorbed Molecules
5.11.1 Outline
5.11.2 CO on Metal Surfaces
References
6. Photoemission of Valence Electrons from Metallic Solids in the One-Electron Approximation
6.1 Theory of Photoemission:A Summary of tile Three-Step Model
6.2 Discussion of the Photocurrent
6.2.1 Kinematics of Internal Photoemission in a Polycrystalline Sample
6.2.2 Primary and Secondary Cones in the Photoemission from a Real Solid
6.2.3 Angle-Integrated and Angle-Resolved Data Collection.
6.3 Photoemission from the Semi-infinite Crystal:The Inverse LEED Formalism
6.3.1 Band Structure Regime
6.3.2 XPS Regime
6.3.3 Surface Emission
6.3.4 One-Step Calculations
6.4 Thermal Effects
6.5 Dipole Selection Rules for Direct Optical Transitions
References
7. Band Structure and Angular-Resolved Photoelectron Spectra
7.1 Free-Electron Final-State Model
7.2 Methods Employing Calculated Band Structures
7.3 Methods for the Absolute Determination of the Crystal Momentum
7.3.1 Triangulation or Energy Coincidence Method
7.3.2 Bragg Plane Method: Variation of External Emission Angle at Fixed Photon Frequency(Disappearance/Appearance Angle Method
7.3.3 Bragg Plane Method: Variation of Photon Energy at Fixed Emission Angle (Symmetry Method)
7.3.4 The Surface Emission Method and Electron Damping
7.3.5 The Very-Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Method
7.3.6 The Fermi Surface Method
7.3.7 Intensities and Their Use in Band-Structure Determinations
7.3.8 Summary
7.4 Experimental Band Structures
7.4.1 One- and Two-Dimensional Systems
7.4.2 Three-Dimensional Solids: Metals and Semiconductors
7.4.3 UPS Band Structures and XPS Density of States
7.5 A Comment
References
8. Surface States, Surface Effects
8.1 Theoretical Considerations
8.2 Experimental Results on Surface States
8.3 Quantum-Well States
8.4 Surface Core-Level Shifts
References
9. Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy
9.1 Surface States
9.2 Bulk Band Structures
9.3 Adsorbed Molecules
References
10. Spin-Polarized Photoelectron Spectroscopy
10.1 General Description
10.2 Examples of Spin-Polarized Photoelectron Spectroscopy
10.3 Magnetic Dichroism
References
11. Photoelectron Diffraction
11.1 Examples
11.2 Substrate Photoelectron Diffraction
11.3 Adsorbate Photoelectron Diffraction
11.4 Fermi Surface Scans
References
Appendix
A.1 Table of Binding Energies
A.2 Surface and Bulk Brillouin Zones of the Three Low-Index Faces of a Face-Centered Cubic (fcc) Crystal Face
A.3 Compilation of Work Functions
References
Index
