本书可供英语语言文学、翻译等专业本科生使用，还适合非英语专业大学生、研究生以及广大翻译爱好者选择使用。本教材在编写中坚持科学性、学术性、实用性相统一的原则，力求将理论探讨与技能培训融为有机的整体，使学习者通过本书可以既具备一定的理论知识基础，又具备较强的翻译实践能力。

翻译理论一向是本科阶段翻译教学的薄弱环节，本书编写的一个重要初衷就是弥补这一薄弱环节，使学习者既掌握一定的理论知识和理论表述方式，又能自觉地应用这些理论来指导自己的翻译实践，避免翻译过程中的盲目性和随意性。同时本书也可以为学习者日后进一步深造，更为深入系统地研究翻译打下一定的基础。

本书的一大特色即是理论与实践并重。在理论方面，本书涉及翻译标准、翻译单位、翻译过程、翻译与文化等翻译研究的基本论题；在实践方面，本书除在理论部分融入大量翻译例证和个案研究外，还在每一章的后面都辅以精心设计的翻译练习，帮助学习者提高翻译能力。

Chapter 1Introduction to Translation1

 1.1 About Translation1

1.1.1 Translation as an Industry1

1.1.2 Translation as a Profession2

1.1.3 Translation as a Major2

1.1.4 Translation as a Course2

 1.2 Nature and Definition of Translation3

1.2.1 Difficulty in Defining Translation3

1.2.2 Nature of Translation3

1.2.3 Definition of Translation5

 1.3 Translators’ Competence7

1.3.1 A Sense of Responsibility7

1.3.2 Bilingual Competence7

1.3.3 Bicultural Competence7

1.3.4 Encyclopedic Knowledge8

 Exercises9

Chapter 2A Brief History of Translation14

 2.1 About Translation History14

 2.2 A Chinese History of Translation15

2.2.1 Three Climaxes of Translation in China15

2.2.2 Translation from 1949 to the Present18

 2.3 A Western History of Translation19

2.3.1 An Overview of Western Translation19

2.3.2 Six Climaxes of Western Translation19

 Exercises21

Chapter 3Translation Criteria24

 3.1 Translation Criteria of China24

3.1.1 Early Criteria25

3.1.2 Present Criteria28

 3.2 Translation Criteria of Western Scholars29

 Exercises33

Chapter 4The Process of Translation38

 4.1 Description of Translation Process38

 4.2 The Fourphase Process in Translating39

 4.3 The Basic Process of Translation39

4.3.1 Accurate Comprehension39

4.3.2 Adequate Representation45

4.3.3 Revision46

 Exercises47

Chapter 5Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese51

 5.1 Contrastive Analysis of the Words and Phrases 51

 5.2 Contrastive Analysis of the Sentences 53

5.2.1 General Description53

5.2.2 Syntactic Differences between English and Chinese 54

 5.3 Contrastive Analysis of the Texts 58

5.3.1 Maintenance of the Original Coherent Structure 58

5.3.2 Modification of the Original Coherent Structure 59

5.3.3 Modulation of the Original Thematic Structure 59

 Exercises61

Chapter 6Culture and Translation 64

 6.1 Towards Culture 64

 6.2 Language, Culture and Translation 65

 6.3 The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies and Translation Turn in Cultural Studies 66

 6.4 Cultural Comparison in Translation 67

6.4.1 Cultural Universals 67

6.4.2 Cultural Disparities 68

6.5 Domestication and Foreignization 70

 Exercises75

Chapter 7The Unit of Translation 80

 7.1 Introduction 80

 7.2 Translation at Different Levels 81

7.2.1 Translation at Phonological Level 81

7.2.2 Translation at Morphological Level 82

7.2.3 Translation at Word Level 82

7.2.4 Translation at Phrase Level 82

7.2.5 Translation at Sentence Level 83

7.2.6 Translation at Discourse Level 83

 7.3 Discourse Analysis84

7.3.1 Cohesion 85

7.3.2 Coherence 87

7.3.3 Summary 88

 Exercises89

Chapter 8Translation of Words92

 8.1 The Correspondence between Words 93

8.1.1 Wordforword Correspondence 93

8.1.2 One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning 93

8.1.3 One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings 93

8.1.4 Words without Equivalents 94

 8.2 Some Strategies Used in EC Translation 95

 8.2.1 Conversion 95

8.2.2 Amplification 97

8.2.3 Repetition 98

8.2.4 Omission 98

8.2.5 Extending the Meaning of Words99

8.2.6 Transliteration 99

8.2.7 Mutual Transformation of Affirmative and Negative Translation100

 8.3 Translation of Idioms 100

8.3.1 Similarity 101

8.3.2 Differences 101

 8.4 Translation of Slang 102

 8.5 False Friends 103

 Exercises104

Chapter 9Translation of Sentences108

 9.1 Translation at Sentence Level108

9.1.1 General Approaches to Sentence Translation 108

9.1.2 Translating Long Sentences 110

9.1.3 Translating Sentence Groups 112

9.1.4 Interjections and Punctuations 113

 9.2 Procedures and Techniques in Translating English Long Sentences 114

9.2.1 The Procedures 114

9.2.2 Six Techniques 115

 Exercises119

Chapter 10Translation of English for Science and Technology 122

 10.1 Lexical Features of EST122

10.1.1 Affixation122

10.1.2 Compounding 122

10.1.3 Blending 123

10.1.4 Acronym 123

10.1.5 Specialization of the Commonly Used Words 123

 10.2 Syntactic Features of EST 124

10.2.1 Use of Long and Complicated Sentences 124

10.2.2 Use of the Passive Voice124

10.2.3 Use of Nominalization 125

 10.3 Principles of Translation of EST125

 10.4 Key Points for the Translation of EST 126

 10.5 Case Study127

 Exercises129

Chapter 11Translation of Legal Documentation 134

 11.1 Linguistic Features of Legal Documentation134

11.1.1 Use of Formal Words134

11.1.2 Accurate Expression135

11.1.3 Use of Long Sentences 135

 11.2 Case Study136

 Exercises138

Chapter 12Translation of Trademarks 141

 12.1 Main Functions of the Trademark 141

 12.2 Features of a Good Trademark141

 12.3 Principles of Translation of Trademarks 142

12.3.1 Reflection of the Basic Function of the Trademark 142

12.3.2 Easy to be Understood and Accepted by Costumers 142

12.3.3 In Conformity with the Law 143

 12.4 Skills of Translation of Trademarks 143

12.4.1 Transliteration 143

12.4.2 Semantic Translation143

12.4.3 Combination of Transliteration and Semantic Translation144

12.4.4 Nontranslation or Parttranslation 144

 Exercises145

Chapter 13Translation of News Reports147

 13.1 The Three Parts of the News Report 147

 13.2 The Linguistic Features of the Headline 147

13.2.1 Grammatical Features 148

13.2.2 Lexical Features148

 13.3 Linguistic Features of the Lead and the Body of the Text149

13.3.1 Concrete and Exact 149

13.3.2 Accurate149

13.3.3 Concise149

13.3.4 Easy to be Understood 149

13.3.5 Vivid 150

 13.4 Case Study 150

 Exercises153

Keys to Translation Exercises158