Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Language, Culture, Translation and Intercultural Communication
2.1 Definitions of culture
2.2 Classifications of culture
2.3 Language and culture
2.3.1 Language is part of culture
2.3.2 Language is the carrier of culture
2.3.3 Language is the stimulus of culture
2.4 Translation and culture
2.5 The era of intercultural communication
2.5.1 Communication in a global village
2.5.2 Elements of communication
2.5.3 Communication and its characteristics
2.5.4 Stumbling blocks in intercultural communication
Chapter 3 Translation The.odes
3.1 What is translation?
3.2 The nature of translating
3.2.1 Reproducing the message
3.2.2 Equivalence rather than identity
3.2.3 The priority of meaning
3.2.4 The significance of style
3.3 Translation theories
3.3.1 Translation theory in the past and the present
3.3.2 Developments in interlingual studies
3.3.3 Eugene Nida: applying generative grammar to translation
3.4 Translation as a modem means of communication
Chapter 4 Translation Techniques
4.1 The use of componential analysis in translation
4.1.1 Lexical words
4.1.2 Cultural words
4.1.3 Synonyms
4.1.4 Sets and series
4.1.5 Conceptual terms
4.1.6 Words as myths
4.2 The application of case grammar to translation
4.2.1 Translation of missing verbs, i.e. verbal force
4.2.2 The translation of case-gaps
4.3 Literal translation
4.3.1 Varieties of close translation
4.3.2 Faithful and false friends
4.3.3 Words in their context
4.3.4 Elegant variations
4.3.5 Back-translation test (BTT)
4.3.6 Accepted translation
4.3.7 Constraints on literal translation
4.3.8 Natural translation
4.3.9 Re-creative translation
4.3.10 The sub-text
4.3.11 The notion of the "no-equivalent" word
4.3.12 The role of context
4.4 The existing of zero-translation
4.5 Through-translation
4.6 Shifts of transpositions
4.7 Other translation methods
4.7.1 Recognized translation
4.7.2 Word-for-word translation
4.7.3 Faithful translation
4.7.4 Semantic translation
4.7.5 Adaptation
4.7.6 Idiomatic translation
4.7.7 Communicative translation
4.7.8 Service translation
4.7.9 Plain prose translation
4.7.10 Information translation
4.7.11 Cognitive translation
4.7.12 Academic translation
4.7.13 Translate words outside their normal contexts
4.7.14 Translating as interlanguage
4.7.15 National characteristics
4.7.16 Stress and meaning
4.7.17 When and when not to repeat a word
4.7.18 Cultural allusions in non-"expressive" texts
4.7.19 Alternative terms
4.7.20 Titles
4.7.21 Almost empty words
4.7.22 The text and the notes
4.7.23 The possible redundancy of SL metalanguage
4.7.24 Deletion
Chapter 5 Zero-Translation and Its Application
5.1 Untranslatability and translatability
5.1.1 Theories of untranslatability
5.1.2 Theories of translatability
5.1.3 Interrelations between untranslatability and translatability
5.2 Basic theories of zero-translation
5.2.1 Zero-translation and its motivations
5.2.2 Defmitions of zero-translation
5.2.3 Classification of zero-translation
5.3 Zero-translation and other terms
5.3.1 Ling Fan Yi (zero-translation) and Bu Yi (non-translation)
5.3.2 Zero-translation and untranslatability
5.3.3 Zero-translation and domestication, foreignization
5.4 Historical development of zero-translation
5.5 Causes for emergence of zero translation
5.6 Application of zero-translation
5.6.1 Zero translation used in different media
5.6.2 Zero translation used in different literary styles
5.7 Reasons of zero-translation used in practices
5.7.1 Cultural similarity
5.7.2 Cultural difference
5.7.3 The appearing of neologism
5.8 Different attitudes towards zero-translation
5.9 Conclusion
Chapter 6 The Future of Translation Studies
Bibliography
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