This introductory physics textbook has two main objectives: to provide the student with a clear and logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of physics,and to strengthen an understanding of the concepts and prinlciples through a broad range of interesting applications to the real world. To meet these objectives, we have placed emphasis on sound physical arguments and problem-solving methodology. At the same time, we have attempted to motivate the student through practical examples that demonstrate the role of physics in other disciplines, inc uding engineering,chemistry, and medicine.

part Ⅰ Mechanics

1  Physics and Measurement

 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

 1.2 The Building Blocks of Matter

 1.3 Density

 1.4 Dimensional Analysis

 1.5 Conversion of Units

 1.6 Estimates and Orde-of-Magnitude Calculations

 1.7 Significant Figures

2  Motion in One Dimension

 2.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed

 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

 2.3 Acceleration

 2.4 Motion Diagrams

 2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

 2.6 Freely Falling Objects

 2.7 (Optional) Kinemalic Equations Derived from Calculus

 GOAL Problem-Solving Steps

3  Vectors

 3.1  Coordinate Systems

 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities

 3.3 Some Properties of Vectors

 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

4  Motion in Two Dimensions

 4.1 The Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors

 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

 4.3 Projectile Motion

 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion

 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration

 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration

5  The Laws of Motion

 5.1 The Concept of Force

 5.2 Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames

 5.3 Mass

 5.4 Newton's Second Law

 5.5 The Force of Gravity and Weight

 5.6 Newton's Third Law

 5.7 Some Applications of Newton's Laws

 5.8 Forces of Friction

6  Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton's Laws

 6.1 Newton's Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion

 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion

 6.3 (optional) Motion in Accelerated Frames

 6.4 (optional) Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces

 6.5 (Optional) Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics

7  Work and Kinetic Energy

 7.1 Work Done hy a Constant Force

 7.2 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

 7.3 Work Done by a Varying Force

 7.4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

 7.5 Power

 7.6 (Optional) Energy and the Automobile

 7.7 (Optional) Kinetic Energy at High Speeds

8  Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

 8.1 Potential Energy

 8.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

 8.3 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

 8.4 Conservation of Mechanical Energy,

 8.5 Work Done by Nonconservative Forces

 8.6 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

 8.7 (Optional) Energy Diagrams and the Equilibrium of a System

 8.8 Conservation of Energy in General

 8.9 (Optional) Mass-Energy Equivalence

 8.10 (Optional) Quantization of Energy

9  Linear Momentum and Collisions

 9.1 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation

 9.2 Impulse and Momentum

 9.3 Collisions

 9.4 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension

 9.5 Two-Dimensional Collisions

 9.6 The Center of Mass

 9.7 Motion of a System of Particles

 9.8 (Optional) Rocket Propulsion

10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis

 10.1 Angular Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

 10.2 Rotational Kinematics: Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration

 10.3 Angular and Linear Quantities

 10.4 Rotational Energy

 10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia

 10.6 Torque

 10.7 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration

 10.8 Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion

11 Roiling Motion and Angular Momentum

 11.1 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object

 11.2 The Vector Product and Torque

 11.3 Angular Momentum of a Particle

 11.4 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object

 11.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum

 11.6 (Optional) The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops

 11.7  (Optional) Angular Momentmn As a Fundamental Quantity

12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity

 12.1 The Conditions for Equilibrium

 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity

 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibl'ium

 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids

13 Oscillatory Motion

 13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion

 13.2 The Block-Spring System Revisited

 13.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

 13.4 The Pendulmn

 13.5 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion

 13.6 (Optional) Damped Oscillations

 13.7 (Optional) Forced Oscillations

14 The Law of Gravity

 14.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

 14.2 Measnring the Gravitational Constant

 14.3 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force

 14.4 Kepler's Laws

 14.5 The Law of Gravity and the Motion of Planets

 14.6 The Gravitational Field

 14.7 Gravitational Potential Energy

 14.8 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion

 14.9 (Optional) The Gravitational Force Between an Extended Object and a Particle

 14.10 (optional) The Gravitational Force Between a Particle and a Spherical Mass

15 Fluid Mechanics

 15.1 Pressure

 15.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth

 15.3 Pressure Measurements

 15.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes's Principle

 15.5 Fluid Dynamics

 15.6 Streamlines and the Equation of Continnity

 15.7 Bernoulli's Equation

 15.8 (Optional) Other Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

part Ⅱ Mechanical Waves

16 Wave Motion

 16.1 Basic Variables of Wave Motion

 16.2 Direction of Particle Displacement

 16.3 One-Dimensional Traveling Waves

 16.4 Superposition and Interference

 16.5 The Speed of Waves on Strings

 16.6 Reflection and Transmission

 16 7 Sinnsoidal Waves

 16.8 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves

 16.9 (optional) The Linear Wave Equation

17 Sound Waves

 17.1 Speed of Sound Waves

 17.2 Periodic Sound Waves

 17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves

 17.4 Spherical and Plane Waves

 17.5 The Doppler Effect

18 Superposition and Standing Waves

 18.1 Superposition and Interterence of Sinusoidal Waves

 18.2 Standing Waves

 18.3 Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends

 18.4 Resonance

 18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns

 18.6 (Optional) Standing Waves in Rods and Plates

 18.7 Beats: Interference in Time

 18.8 (Optional) Non-Sinnsoidal Wave Patterns

part Ⅲ Thermodynamics

19 Temperature

 19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

 19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale

 19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale

 19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

 19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

20 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics

 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy

 20.2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

 20.3 Latent Heat

 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

 20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics

 20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms

21 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

 21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas

 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

 21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

 21.4 The Equipartition of Energy

 21.5 The Boltzmann Distribution Law

 21.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds

 21.7 (Optional) Mean Free Path

22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

 22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

 22.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes

 22.3 The Carnot Engine

 22.4 Gasoline and Diesel Engines

 22.5 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

 22.6 Entropy

 22.7 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes

 22.8 (Optional) Entropy on a Microscopic Scale

part Ⅳ electricity and Magnetism

23 Electric Fields

 23.1 Properties of Electric Charges

 23.2 Insulators and Corldnctors

 23.3 Coulomb's Law

 23.4 The Electric Field

 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution

 23.6 Electric Field Lines

 23.7 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field

24 Gauss's Law

 24.1 Electric Flux

 24.2 Gauss's Law

 24.3 Application of Gauss's Law to Charged Insulators

 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

 24.5 (Optional) Experimental Verification of Gauss's Law and Coulomb's Law

 24.6 (Optional) Formal Derivation of Gauss's Law

25 Electric Potential

 25.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential

 25.2 Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field

 25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges

 25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential

 25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions

 25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor

 25.7 (Optional) The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

 25.8 (Optional) Applications of Electrostatics

26 Capacitance and Dielectrics

 26.1 Definition of Capacitance

 26.2 Calculating Capacitance

 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors

 26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor

 26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics

 26.6 (Optional) Electric Dipole in an Electric Field

 26.7 (Optional) An Atomic Description of Dielectrics

27 Current and Resistance

 27.1 Electric Current

 27.2 Resistance and Ohm's Law

 27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction

 27.4 Resistance and Temperature

 27.5 (Optional) Superconductors

 27.6 Electrical Energy and Power

28 Direct Current Circuits

 28.1 Electromotive Force

 28.2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel

 28.3 Kirchhoff's Rules

 28.4 RC Circuits

 28.5 (Optional) Electrical Instruments

 28.6 (Optional) Household Wiring and Electrical Safety

29 Magnetic Fields

 29.1 The Magnetic Field

 29.2 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor

 29.3 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

 29.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

 29.5 (Optional) Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field

 29.6 (Optional) The Hall Effect

30 Sources of the Magnetic Field

 30.1 The Biot-Savart Law

 30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors

 30.3 Ampere's Law

 30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

 30.5 Magnetic Flux

 30.6 Gauss's Law in Magnetism

 30.7 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampere's Law

 30.8 (Optional) Magnetism in Matter

 30.9 (Optional) The Magnetic Field of the Earth

31 Faraday's Law

 31.1 Faraday's Law of Induction

 31.2 Motional emf

 3113 Lenz's Law

 31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields

 31.5 (Optional) Generators and Motors

 31.6 (Optional) Eddy Currents

 31.7 Maxwell's Wonderful Equations

32 Inductance

 32.1 Self-Inductance

 32.2 RL Circuits

 32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field

 32.4 Mutual Inductance

 32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit

 32.6 (Optional) The RLC Circuit

33 Alternating Current Circuits

 33.1 ac Sources and Phasors

 33.2 Resistors in an ac Circuit

 33.3 Inductors in an ac Circuit

 33.4 Capacitors in an ac Circuit

 33.5 The RLCSeries Circuit

 33.6 Power in an ac Circuit

 33.7 Resonance in a Series RLCCircuit

 33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission

 33.9 (Optional) Rectifiers and Filters

34 Electromagnetic Waves

 34.1 Maxwell's Equations and Hertz's Discoveries

 34.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves

 34.3 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves

 34.4 Momentum and Radiati()n Pressure

 34.5 (Optional) Radiation from an Infinite Current Sheet

 34.6 (Optional) Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna

 34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves

part Ⅴ Light and Optics

35 The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics

 35.1 The Nature of Light

 35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light

 35.3 The Ray Approximation n Geometric Optics

 35.4 Reflection

 35.5 Refraction

 35.6 Huygens's Principle

 35.7 Dispersion and Prisms

 35.8 Total Internal Reflection

 35.9 (Optional) Fermat's Principle

36 Geometric Optics

 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors

 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors

 36.3 Images Formed by Refraction

 36.4 Thin Lenses

 36.5 (Optional) Lens Aberrations

 36.6 (Optional) The Camera

 36.7 (Optional) The Eye

 36.8 (Optional) The Simple Ma,gnifier

 36.9 (Optional) The Compoung Microscope

 36.10 (Optional) The Telescope

37 Interference of Light Waves

 37.1  Conditions for Interferen, e

 37.2 Young's Double-Slit Experiment

 37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern

 37.4 Phasor Addition of Waves

 37.5 Change of Phase Due to Reflection

 37.6 Interference in Thin Films

 37.7  (Optional) The Michelson Interferometer

38 Diffraction and Polarization

 38.1 Introduction to Diffraction

 38.2 Diffraction from Narrow S its

 38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit aid Circular Apertures

 38.4 The Diffraction Grating

 38.5 (optional) Ditfraction of X-Rays by Crystals

 38.6 Polarization of Light Wave

part Ⅵ Modern Physics

39 Relativity

 39.1 The Principle ofGalilean Eelativity

 39.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment

 39.3 Einstein's Principle of Relativity

 39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity

 39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations

 39.6 Relativistic Linear Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws

 39.7 Relativistic Energy

 39.8 Equivalence of Mass and Energy

 39.9 Relativity and Electromagnetism

 39.10 (Optional) The General Theory of Relativity

Appendix A Tables

 Table A.1 Conversion Factors

 Table A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities

 Table A.3 Table of Atomic Masses

Appendix B Mathematics Review

 B.1  Scientific Notation

 B.2  Algebra

 B.3  Geometry

 B.4  Trigonometry

 B.5  Series Expansions

 B.6  Differential Calculus

 B.7  Integral Calculus

Appendix C Periodic Table of the Elements

Appendix D SI Units

Appendix E Nobel Prizes

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Index