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PREFACE

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

1 LEARNING ABOUT PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS

 The Acquisition of Knowledge 2

 Formal Theories of Public Organization 9

 Building Theories of Public Organization 11

 Public Administration as a Profession 13

 Focusing on Complex Organizations 14

 Redefining the Field 16

 Conclusion 17

 References 18

2 THE INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE: MARX, WEBER,AND FREUD 19

 Karl Marx 20

 Transition to Socialism 21

 Industrial Organization and Individual Development 22

 Growth of Alienation 23

 Max Weber 25

 Rationalization of Social Theory, the Notion of the "Ideal Type" 26

 Sigrnund Freud 30

 What CanWe Learn? 35

 Conclusion 37

 References 37

3 THE POLITICAL HERITAGE: FROM WILSON TO WALDO 39

 Beginnings of Public Administration Theory 40

 Politics-Administration 44

 The Lingering Influence of Politics-Administration 47

 Adopting Business Management Techniques 49

 Scientific Approaches to Management 50

 Administrative Management and Organizational Structure 55

 Centralization and Integration 56

 Efficiency: The Key Measure of Success 61

 Democratic Administration 63

 Conclusion 65

 References 65

4 THE RATIONAL MODEL OF ORGANIZATION 67

 A Science of Human Behavior 67

 The Generic Approach to Administration 68

 The Proverbs of Administration 69

 The Rational Model of Administration 73

 Decision Making and Policy Formulation 77

 Closed Systems versus Open Systems 82

 Conclusion 87

 References 87

5 ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANISM AND THE NEW

 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 88

 Themes in Organizational Humanism 89

 Personality and Organization 93

 Organization Development in the Public Sector 97

 The New Public Administration 101

 Conclusion 108

 References 109

6 THE POLICY EMPHASIS AND THE NEW PUBLIC

 MANAGEMENT 111

 Development of the Public Policy Orientation 112

 Responsiveness in Public Policy 115

 Effectiveness in Public Policy 125

 The Discovery of Policy Implementation 127

 Methods of Policy Analysis 131

 The Intellectual Crisis 132

 The New Public Management 136

 Conclusion 144

 References 144

7 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE NEW

 PUBLIC SERVICE 147

 A Critique of the Rational Model 149

 Interpretive/Action Theory 154

 The Active-Social Paradigm 157

 Critical Social Theory 159

 Postmodernism and Discourse Theory 165

 The New Public Service 172

 Outlining the New Public Service 179

 Conclusion 182

 References 183

8 THE PRACTITIONER AS THEORIST 186

 Theories and Theory Building 187

 Toward Theories of Public Organization 190

 Organizational and Personal Learning 193

 A New Role for Theorists 196

 Conclusion 196

 References 198

APPENDIX: THE ADMINISTRATIVE JOURNAL 199

 The Journal Format 201

 Working in the Administrative Journal 203

 Examples of Journal Entries 205

CREDITS 209

NAME INDEX 211

SUBJECT INDEX 214