本书对我国第二语言学习者学习第二语言（英语）的过程进行探索性的、定性研究和分析。本书主要论述了语言类型学的‘编含共性’在二语习得领域的实证性研究，其中包括(Greenberg(1963)的疑问句构成语序、Keenan和Comrie(1977)的定语从句构成可及性层级以及Hawkins(1999)基于加工动因的蕴含共性模式。

本书论述了语言类型学的‘编含共性’在二语习得领域的实证性研究，其中包括(Greenberg(1963)的疑问句构成语序、Keenan和Comrie(1977)的定语从句构成可及性层级以及Hawkins(1999)基于加工动因的蕴含共性模式。研究结果显示，语言类型学的许多蕴含共性模式对英语中介诒的句法特征具有解释作用。本书适合英语语言学和二语习得研究者、英语教师、硕士和博士研究生使用。

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Introduction

 1.1.Research Questions

 1.2.Underlying Theoretical Framework--Typological Approach and Universals

 1.3.Typological Approach and Second Language Acquisition

1.3.1.Typological Approach in Second Language Acquisition

1.3.2.Typological Universals to Be Tested in the Study

 1.4.Significance of the Research

 1.5.Organisation of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

 2.1.Typology and Universals

2.1.1.A Brief History of Typology

2.1.2.Approaches in Typology

2.1.3.Crosslinguistic Patterns Regarding Word Order Universals and Grammatical Hierarchies

 2.1.3.1.Word Order Universals

 2.1.3.2.Grammatical Hierarchies

 2.1.3.3.Some Recently Motivated Implicational Hierarchies/Hypotheses

2.1.4.Summary

 2.2.Second Language Acquisition

2.2.1.An Overview.Theory and Practice in Second Language Acquisition

 2.2.1.1. Contrastive Analysis

 2.2.1.2.Error Analysis：and Interlanguage Theory

 2.2.1.3.Monitor Theory

 2.2.1.4.Variation(and Functionalism)

 2.2.1.5.Universal Approaches.

 2.2.2.Studies of Interlanguage in Question Formation：a Typological Approach

 2.2.3.Studies of Interlanguage in Relative Clause Formation

 2.2.3.1.Relative Clause Formation in SLA：an Overview

 2.2.3.2.Relative Clause Formation in SLA：the Accessibility Hierarchy

Chapter 3 Methodology

 3.1.The Study

3.1.1.Background of the Study

3.1.2.Procedure of Data Collection and Participants

3.1.3.Difficulties Encountered in the Sampling Procedure

 3.2.The Tasks

3.2.1.Conversation--Interview and Role-Play with Cue Card

3.2.2.Elicited Repetition

3.2.3.Sentence Combination

3.2.4.Grammaticality Judgment

3.2.5.Free Essay Writing

 3.3.Data Processing

Chapter 4 Results and Analysis of Findings

 4.1.Results Regarding Implicational Universals of Yes/No and Wh Questions

4.1.1.Results of Data

4.1.2.InterDretation of Data and Discussion

4.1.3.Summary

 4.2.Resutts Regarding Acquisition of Relative Clauses with Reference to the ACCessibility Hierarchy

4.2.1.Results from the Repetition Task

4.2.2.Results from the Sentence Combination Task

4.2.3.Results from the Grammaticality Judgment Task

4.2.4.Results from the Conversation and Subiects'Written Essays

4.2.5.Results of Various RC-Related Non-Standard Forms

 4.2.5.1.RC-Related Non-Standard Forms in Different 7asks

 4.2.5.2.RC-Related Non—Standard Forms via English Proficiency Levels

 4.2.5.3.RC-Related Non Standard Forms via First Languages 

 4.2.6.Summary

 4.3.Results Regarding Other Implicational Universals

4.3.1.Results Regarding the Clause Embedding Hierarchy

4.3.2.Results Regarding the Subordinate Gap/No GapHierarchy

4.3.3.Results Regarding the Hierarchy for Complementisers

4.3.4.Results Regarding the Bridging Verb Hierarchy

4.3.5.Results Regarding the Head Noun Phrase Hierarchy

4.3.6.Results Regarding the Valency Completeness Hypothesis

4.3.7.Summary

 4.4.Results Regarding Interlanguage Features in Naturalistic Data

4.4.1.Overall Results from the Conversation and Written Essays

4.4.2.Results Examined by Different English Proficiency Level Groups

4.4.3.Results Examined by Different First Language Groups

4.4.4.Summary

Chapter 5 Summary of Major Theoretical Findings

 5.1.Findings Regarding the Acquisition of English Interrogative Questions

 5.2.Findings Regarding the Acquisition of English Restrictive Rdative Clauses

 5.3.Findings Regarding Other Implicational Universals

 5.4.Summary

Chapter 6 Concluding Remarks

 6.1.Methodological Limitations of the Study

 6.2.Use of SLA Data for the Evaluation of Typological Universals

 6.3.Some Theoretical Issues Arising from the Study That Warrant FutResearch

APPENDICES

 Appendix Ⅰ Table of Universals 7ested，Data Coilcctcd and Methods Used in the Study

 Appendix Ⅱ Profiles of the Subjects

 Appendix Ⅲ  Tasks for Data Collection

 Appendix Ⅳ Counts of Instances in Features of Question Word Order

 Appendix Ⅴ (A)Definitions of Features for the Repetition Task and (B)Individual Performances in the Repetition Task

 Appendix Ⅵ (A)Definitions of Features for the Sentence Combination Task and (B)Individual Performances in theSentence Combination Task.

 Appendix Ⅶ Individual Performances in the Grammaticality Judgment Task(Items Relating to Relative Clauses)

 AppendixⅧ  Counts of Relatives Clauses in the Subjects'Speech and Written Essays

 Appendix Ⅸ Individual Performances in the Grammaticality Judgment Task(Items Relating to Implicational Universals)(A ＆ B)

 Appendix Ⅹ Aggregate Counts of Instances of Different Features in the Conversation Data

 Appendix Ⅺ Aggregate Counts of Instances of Different Features in the Subjects'Written Essays

Bibliography