本书对当前存在的数据库系统的诸多领域进行了全面的介绍。它为数据库技术的建立提供了坚实的基础，同时还展望了未来该领域的发展前景。此最新版本对原版本进行了扩充和更新，以紧跟数据库系统发展和开发的趋势；不过，全书的重点仍然放在使读者掌握和理解相关知识上，而不是让内容流于形式。

本书对当前存在的数据库系统的诸多领域进行了全面的介绍。它为数据库技术的建立提供了坚实的基础，同时还展望了未来该领域的发展前景。此最新版本对原版本进行了扩充和更新，以紧跟数据库系统发展和开发的趋势；不过，全书的重点仍然放在使读者掌握和理解相关知识上，而不是让内容流于形式。

PARTI PRELIMINARIE S 1

Chapter 1 An Overview of Database Management 3

1．1 Introduction 3

1．2 What Is a Database System? 6

1．3 What Is a Database? 11

1．4 Why Database? 16

1．5 Data Independence 20

1．6 Relational Systems and Others 26

1．7 Summary 28

Exercises 29

References and Bibliography 31

Chapter 2 Database System Architecture 33

2．1 Introduction 33

2．2 The Three Levels of the Architecture 34

2．3 The External Level 37

2．4 The Conceptual Level 39

2．5 The Internal Level 40

2．6 Mappings 41

2．7 The Database Administrator 42

2．8 The Database Management System 44

2．9 Data Communications 48

2．1 0 Client／Server Architecture 49

2．11 Utilities 51

2．1 2 Distributed Processing 5 1

2．13 Summary 55

Exercises 56

References and Bibliography 56

Chapter 3 An Introduction to Relational Databases 59

3．1 Introduction 59

3．2 An Informal Look at the Relational Model 60

3．3 Relations and Relvars 64

3．4 What Relations Mean 66

3．5 Optimization 69

3．6 The Catalog 71

3．7 Base Relvars and Views 72

3．8 Transactions 76

3．9 The Suppliers-and-Parts Database 77

3．10 Summary 79

Exercises 81

References and Bibliography 8 1

Chapter 4 An Introduction to SQL 85

4．1 Introduction 85

4．2 Overview 86

4．3 The Catalog 89

4．4 Views 90

4．5 Transactlons 91

4．6 Embedded SQL 91

4．7 Dynamic SQL and SQL／CLI 97

4．8 SQL Is Not Perfect 100

4．9 Summary 101

Exercises 1 02

References and Bibliography 104

PART II THE RELATIoNAL MODEL 109

Chapter 5 TYPES 111

5．1 Introduction 111

5．2 Values vs．Variables 112

5．3 Types vs．Representations 115

5．4 Type Definition 119

5．5 Operators 122

5．6 Type Generators 127

5．7 SQL Facilities 128

5．8 Summary 136

Exercises 137

References and Bibliography 139

Chapter 6 Relations 141

6．1 Introduction 1 41

6．2 Tuples 141

6．3 Relation Types 146

6．4 Relation Values 148

6．5 Relation Variables 156

6．6 SQL Facilities 161

6．7 Summary 167

Exercises 168

References and Bibliography 1 70

Chapter 7 Relational Algebra 173

7.1 Introduction 1 73

7.2 Closure Revisited 1 75

7.3 The Original Algebra：Syntax 1 77

7.4 The Original Algebra：Semantics 1 80

7.5 Examples 1 90

7.6 What Is the Algebra For? 1 92

7.7 Further Points 1 94

7.8 Additional Operators 1 95

7.9 Grouping and Ungrouping 203

7.10 Summary 206

Exercises 20 7

References and Bibliography 209

Chapter 8 Relational Calculus 213

8．1 Introduction 21 3

8．2 Tuple Calculus 215

8．3 Examples 223

8．4 Calculus vs．Algebra 225

8．5 Computational Capabilities 230

8．6 SQL Facilities 231

8．7 Domain Calculus 240

8．8 Query-By-Example 242

8．9 Summary 247

Exercises 248

References and Bibliography 250

Chapter 9 Integrity 253

9．1 Introduction 253

9．2 A Closer Look 255

9．3 Predicates and Propositions 258

9．4 Relvar Predicates and Database Predicates 259

9．5 Checking the Constraints 260

9．6 Internal vs．External Predicates 26 1

9．7 Correctness vs．Consistency 263

9．8 Integrity and Views 265

9．9 A Constraint Classification Scheme 266

9．10 Keys 268

9．1 1 Triggers(a Digression) 277

9．12 SQL Facilities 279

9．13 Summary 284

Exercises 285

References and Bibliography 288

Chapter 10 Views 295

1 0．1 Introduction 295

10．2 What Are Views For? 298

1 0．3 View Retrievals 302

1 0．4 View Updates 303

1 0．5 Snapshots(a Digression) 31 8

1 0．6 SQL Facilities 320

10．7 Summary 323

Exercises 324

References and Bibliography 325

PART III DATABASE DESIGN 329

Chapter 11 Functional Dependencies 333

11.1 IntrOduction 333

11.2 Basic Definitions 334

11.3 Trivial and Nontrivial Dependencies 337

11.4 Closure of a Set of Dependencies 338

11.5 Closure of a Set of Attributes 339

1 1．6 Irreducible Sets of Dependencies 34 1

11．7 Summary 343

Exercises 344

References and Bibliography 345

Chapter 12 Further Normalization I: 1NF，2NF，3NF，BCNF 349

1 2.1 Introduction 349

12.2 NOnloss Decomposition and Functional Dependencies 353

1 2.3 First，Second，and Third Normal Forms 357

1 2.4 Dependency Preservation 364

12.5 Bovce／Codd Normal Form 367

1 2.6 A Note on Relation-Valued Attributes 3 73

12.7 Summary 375

Exercises 3 76

References and Bibliograph 378

Chapter 13 Further Normalization lI: Higher Normal Forms 381

13.1 Introduction 381

1 3.2 Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form 382

1 3.3 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form 386

1 3.4 The Normalization Procedure Summarized 39 1

1 3.5 A Note on Denormalization 393

1 3.6 Orthogonal Design(a Digression) 395

13.7 Other Normal Forms 398

13.8 Summary 400

Exercises 40 1

References and BibliograPhy 402

Chapter 14 Semantic Modeling 409

1 4．1 Introduction 409

14．2 The Overall Approach 411

14．3 The E／R Model 414

14．4 E／R Diagrams 418

14．5 Database Design with the E／R Model 420

14．6 A Brief Analysis 424

14．7 Summary 428

Exercises 429

References and Bibliography 430

PARTIV TRANSACTIoN MANAGEMENT 443

Chapter 15 Recovery 445

1 5．1 Introduction 445

1 5．2 Trantions 446

1 5．3 Transaction Recovery 450

1 5．4 System Recovery 453

1 5．5 Media Recovery 455

1 5．6 TwO—Phase Commit 456

1 5．7 Savepoints(a Digression)457

15．8 SQL Facilities 458

15．9 Summary 459

Exercises 460

References and Bibliography 460

Chapter 16 Concurrency 465

1 6．1 Introduction 465

1 6．2 Three Concurrency Problems 466

1 6．3 Locking 470

1 6．4 The Three Concurrency Problems Revisited 472

1 6．5 Deadlock 474

1 6．6 Serializabilitv 476

1 6．7 Recovery Revisited 478

1 6．8 Isolation Levels 480

1 6．9 Intent Locking 483

16．10 Dropping ACID 485

16．11 SQL Facilities 490

16．12 Summary 491

Exercises 492

References and Bibliography 494

PARTV FURTHER ToPICS 501

Chapter 17 Security 503

1 7．1 Introduction 503

1 7．2 Discretionary Access Control 506

1 7．3 Mandatory Access Control 511

1 7．4 Statistical Databases 5 1 3

1 7．5 Data Encryption 51 9

1 7．6 SQL Facilities 523

1 7．7 Summary 527

Exercises 528

Reterences and Bibliography 529

Chapter 18 Optimization 531

18.1 Introduction 53 1

18.2 A Motivating Example 533

18.3 An Overview of Query Processing 534

18.4 Expressic Transformation 539

18.5 Database Statistics 544

18.6 A Divide-and-Conquer Strategy 545

18.7 Implementing the Relational Operators 548

18.9 Summary 553

Exerclses 554

References and Bibliography 557

Chapter 19 Missing Information 575

19．1 Introduction 575

1 9．2 An Overview of the 3VL Approach 577

1 9．3 Some Consequences of the Foregoing Scheme 582

1 9．4 Nulls and Keys 586

1 9．5 Outer Join(a Digression) 589

19．6 Special Values 591

1 9．7 SQL Facilities 592

1 9．8 Summary 597

Exercises 598

References and Bibliography 600

Chapter 20 Typ e Inheritance 605

20.1 Introduction 605

20.2 Type Hierarchies 6 1 0

20.3 Polymorphism and Substitutabilitv 6 1 3

20.4 Variables and Assignments 6 1 7

20.5 Specialization by Constraint 62 1

20.6 Compansons 623

20．7 Operators，Versions，and Signatures 626

20．8 Is a Circle an Ellipse? 630

20．9 Specialization by Constraint Revisited 634

20．1 0 SQL Facilities 636

20．11 Summary 641

Exercises 642

References and Bibliography 644

Chapter 21 Distributed Databases 647

2 1．1 Introduction 647

2 1．2 Some Preliminaries 648

21．3 The Twelve Objectives 652

21．4 Problems of Distributed systems 660

21．5 Client／Server Systems 671

2 1．6 DBMS Independence 674

21．7 SQL Facilities 679

21．8 Summary 680

Exercises 68 1

References and Bibliography 682

Chapter 22 Decision Support 689

22．1 Introduction 689

22．2 Aspects of Decision Support 69 1

22．3 Database Design for Decision Support 693

22．4 Data Preparation 70 1

22．5 Data Warehouses and Data Marts 704

22．6 Online Analytical Processing 709

22．7 Data Mining 71 7

22．8 SQL Facilities 71 9

22．9 Summary 720

Exercises 721

References and Bibliography 722

Chapter 23 Temporal Databases 727

23.1 Introduction 72 7

23.2 What Is the Problem? 732

23.3 Intervals 73 7

23.4 Packing and Unpacking Relations 743

23.5 Generalizing the Relational Operators 754

23.6 Database Design 758

23．7 Integrity Constraints 764

23．8 Summary 770

Exercises 771

References and Bibliography 772

Chapter 24 Logic-Based Databases 775

24．1 Introduction 775

24．2 Overview 776

24．3 Propositional Calculus 778

24．4 Predicate Calculus 783

24．5 A Proof-Theoretic View of Databases 789

24．6 Deductive Database Systems 793

24．7 Recursive Query Processing 798

24．8 Summary 803

Exercises 806

References and Bibliography 807

PART VI OBJECTS，RELATIONS，AND XML 811

Chapter 25 Object Databases 813

25．1 Introduction 81 3

25 12 Objects，Classes，Methods，and Messages 81 7

25．3 A Closer Look 822

25．4 A Cradle-to-Grave Example 830

25．5 Miscellaneous Issues 840

25．6 Summary 847

Exercises 850

References and Bibliography 85 1

Chapter 26 object／Relational Databases 859

26.1 Introduction 859

26.2 The First Great Blunder 862

26.3 The Second Great Blunder 870

26.4 Implementation Issues 8 74

26.5 Benefits of True Rapprochement 876

26.7 SQL Facilities 8 78

Summary 885

Exercises 885

References and Bibliography 886

Chapter 27 The World Wide Web and XML 895

27.1 IntrOductiOn 895

27.2 The Web and the Internet 896

27.3 An Overview of XML 897

27.4 XML Data Definition 908

27.5 XML Data Manipulation 9 1 7

27.6 XML and Databases 925

27.7 SQL Facilities 928

27.8 Summary 932

Exercises 934

References and Bibliography 935

APPENDIXES 939

Appendix A The TransRelationalTM Model 941

A.1 Introduction 94 1

A.2 Three Levels of Abstraction 943

A.3 The Basic Idea 946

A.4 Condensed Columns 952

A.5 Merred Columns 956

A.6 Implementing the Relational Operators 960

A.7 Summary 966

References and Bibliography 966

Appendix B SQL Expressions 967

B．1 IntrOductiOn 967

B．2 Table Expressions 968

B．3 Boolean Expressions 973

Appendix C Abbreviations ， Acronyms l and Symbols 977