Alexandre Dumas's rise to fame was boosted by changes in France's social fabric. Literacy was surging, newspapers were booming, and the general population was clamoring for something to read. Dumas gave them what they wanted:page-turning thrills and romance. Elitist critics accused him of pandering to the coarse tastes of the common people, but such criticisms went virtually unnoticed. When The Count of Monte Cristo appeared in serial form in 1844, it became a sensation. Within months, it had been translated into ten languages and could count the highest intellects of the era among its fans. William Makepoace Thackeray and Robert Lores Stevenson sang its praises unabashedly. Its popularity has hardly dimmed in more than 150 years. Since the dawn of motion pictures and television, it has been adapted no fewer than fifty times.