近年来由于富勒烯和碳纳米管的发现，炭材料研究受到了全球材料科学界、物理界和化学界的广泛关注。该书系统地介绍了炭材料的科学理论知识和工程应用实例。介绍了写作本书的目的和炭材料的分类与发展史，以及炭的多样性。主要介绍了炭材料的结构、性能和制备工艺，特别是炭化和石墨化的原理及其微观结构控制技术，多孔炭的孔径控制和炭材料掺杂其他原子的技术，炭材料的各类表征方法等。

本书为英文版。

近年来由于富勒烯和碳纳米管的发现，炭材料研究受到了全球材料科学界、物理界和化学界的广泛关注。该书系统地介绍了炭材料的科学理论知识和工程应用实例。第一部分为绪论，介绍了写作本书的目的和炭材料的分类与发展史，以及炭的多样性。第二部分为炭材料的基础科学知识，主要介绍了炭材料的结构、性能和制备工艺，特别是炭化和石墨化的原理及其微观结构控制技术，多孔炭的孔径控制和炭材料掺杂其他原子的技术，炭材料的各类表征方法。第三部分主要为炭素材料的工程与应用问题，特别是新型炭材料的发展及其在能源、环保、原子能、国防方面的应用实例，涉及石墨电极，高密度各向同性石墨，高取向热解石墨，玻璃炭，纤维状炭，多孔炭，石墨层间化合物等。

1 Introduction

 1.1 Carbon Materials 3

 1.2 Short History of Carbon Materials 7

References 8

 1.3 Classic Carbons, New Carbons and Nanocarbons 9

1.3.1 Classic carbons 9

1.3.2 New carbons 10

1.3.3 Nanocarbons 14

References16

 1.4 Construction and Purposes of the Present Book 18

2 Fundamentals of Carbon Materials 21

 2.1 Carbon Families 23

2.1.1 Carboncarbon bonds 23

2.1.2 Carbon families 25

2.1.3 Relations to neighboring atoms 29

 2.2 Structure and Texture of Carbon Materials 32

2.2.1 Structure 32

2.2.2 Structural development with heat treatment (Carbonization and graphitization) 37

2.2.3 Nanotexture 40

2.2.4 Microtexture (Agglomeration) 44

References 45

 2.3 Nanotexture Development in Carbon Materials (Carbonization) 47

2.3.1 Formation processes of carbon materials 47

2.3.2 Gas phase carbonization 49

2.3.3 Solid phase carbonization 63

2.3.4 Liquid phase carbonization 75

References 86

 2.4 Novel Techniques for Carbonization 90

2.4.1 Template method 90

2.4.2 Polymer blend method 94

2.4.3 Pressure carbonization 96

2.4.4 High yield carbonization 102

2.4.5 Low temperature carbonization 106

References 109

 2.5 Structural Development in Carbon Materials (Graphitization) 112

2.5.1 Structure parameters 112

2.5.2 Graphitization behavior 120

2.5.3 Carbon materials with planar orientation 122

2.5.4 Carbon materials with axial orientation 134

2.5.5 Carbon materials with point orientation 139

2.5.6 Carbon materials with random orientation 143

2.5.7 Relations among structure parameters 146

2.5.8 Graphitization process 151

2.5.9 Graphitizing and nongraphitizing carbons 157

2.5.10 Heterogeneous graphitization (Multiphase graphitization) 160

References 164

 2.6 Acceleration of Graphitization 167

2.6.1 Catalytic graphitization 167

2.6.2 Stress graphitization 171

2.6.3 Graphitization of exfoliated carbon fibers 179

References 182

 2.7 Pore Development in Carbon Materials 184

2.7.1 Pores in carbon materials 184

2.7.2 Identification of pores in carbon materials 187

2.7.3 Pore development in carbon materials 202

References 223

 2.8 Introduction of Foreign Species 226

2.8.1 Possibility to introduce foreign species into carbon materials 226

2.8.2 Intercalation 227

2.8.3 Substitution 246

2.8.4 Doping 254

2.8.5 Dispersion of fine metal particles 258

References262

3 Engineering and Applications of Carbon Materials 267

 3.1 Polycrystalline Graphite Blocks 269

3.1.1 Production 269

3.1.2 Applications 275

3.1.3 Filler cokes and binder pitches 283

3.1.4 Properties 293

References 305

 3.2 Highlyoriented Graphite 307

3.2.1 Highlyoriented graphite 307

3.2.2 Kish graphite 308

3.2.3 Highlyoriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) 312

3.2.4 Graphite films derived from polyimide films 316

3.2.5 Flexible graphite sheets 331

References 341

 3.3 Non-graphitizing and Glass-like Carbons 343

3.3.1 Structural characteristics 343

3.3.2 Properties 349

3.3.3 Glass-like carbons 354

References 357

 3.4 Fibrous Carbons 359

3.4.1 Classification of fibrous carbons 359

3.4.2 Carbon fibers 360

3.4.3 Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers 391

3.4.4 Single wall carbon nanohorns 406

3.4.5 Carbon microcoils 408

References 410

 3.5 Porous Carbons 414

3.5.1 Activated carbons 414

3.5.2 Novel techniques to control pore structure 421

3.5.3 Exfoliated graphite 439

References 444

 3.6 Carbonbased Composites 449

3.6.1 Carbonbased composites 449

3.6.2 Carbon/carbon composites (C/Cs) 450

3.6.3 Carbon fiber reinforced plastics 462

3.6.4 Carbon/ceramics composites 466

3.6.5 Carbon/metal composites 482

References 483

 3.7 Intercalation Compounds 485

3.7.1 Possible applications 485

3.7.2 High conductivity function 487

3.7.3 Electrochemical functions 492

3.7.4 Catalytic functions 500

3.7.5 Gas adsorption and storage 502

3.7.6 Other functions 508

References 511

 3.8 Carbon Materials for Energy Storage 514

3.8.1 Rechargeable batteries 514

3.8.2 Electrochemical capacitors 524

3.8.3 Storage of hydrogen gas 538

3.8.4 Storage of methane gas 545

3.8.5 Applications to other batteries 549

References 550

 3.9 Carbon Materials for Environment Remediation 554

3.9.1 Carbon/anatase composites 554

3.9.2 Carbon materials for sorption of viscous fluids 572

3.9.3 Carbon fibers 595

References 599

Acknowledgements 603

Subject Indexes 604